在任何一种数据库中,都会有各种各样的日志,记录着数据库工作的方方面面,以帮助数据库管理员追踪数据库曾经发生过的各种事件。在mysql中,有4种不同的日志,分别是错误日志、二进制日志、查询日志和慢查询日志,这些日志记录着数据库在不同方面的踪迹。
1、错误日志
错误日志记录着mysqld启动和停止时,以及服务器在运行过程中发生任何严重错误时的相关信息。当数据库出现任何故障导致无法正常使用时,可以首先查看此日志。
可以使用--log-error[=file_name]选项来指定mysqld(MySQL服务器)保存错误日志文件的位置。如果没有给定file_name值,mysqld使用错误日志名host_name.err(host_name为主机名),并默认在参数DATADIR(数据目录)指定的目录中写入日志文件。
2、二进制日志
二进制日志记录了所有的DDL(数据定义语言)语句和DML(数据操纵语言)语句,但是不包括数据查询语句。语句以“事件”的形式保存,它描述了数据的更改过程,此日志对于灾难时的数据恢复起着极其重要的作用。
当用--log-bin[=file_name]选项启动时,mysqld将包含所有更新数据的SQL命令写入日志文件。如果没有给出file_name值,默认名为主机名后面跟"-bin"。
由于日志以二进制方式存储,不能直接读取,需要用mysqlbinlog工具来查看。
1)往测试表emp中插入两条测试记录。
2)使用mysqlbinlog工具进行日志查看,粗体字显示步骤(1)所做的操作。
3、查询日志
查询日志记录了客户端的所有语句,而二进制日志不包含只查询数据的语句。
当用--log[=file_name]或-l[file_name]选项启动mysqld(MySQL服务器)时,查询日志开始被记录。因为查询日志记录的格式是纯文本,因此可以直接进行读取。
1)首先在客户端对数据库做一些简单操作,包括查询和插入。
2)查看查询日志中记录的客户端的所有操作。
注意:log日志中记录了所有数据库的操作,对于访问频繁的系统,此日志对系统性能的影响较大,建议一般情况下关。
4、慢查询日志
慢查询日志记录了包含所有执行时间超过参数long_query_time(单位:秒)所设置值的SQL语句的日志。
当用--log-slow-queries[=file_name]选项启动mysqld(MySQL服务器)时,慢查询日志开始被记录。
和错误日志、查询日志一样,慢查询日志记录的格式也是纯文本,可以被直接读取。
慢查询日志的设置和读取过程:
1)首先查询long_query_time的值
2)为了方便测试,将修改慢查询时间为2秒。
3)依此执行下面两个查询语句。
第一个查询:因为查询时间低于2秒而不会出现在慢查询日志中:
第二个查询:因为查询时间大于2秒而应该出现在慢查询日志中:
4)查看慢查询日志
从上面日志中,可以发现查询时间超过2秒的SQL,而小于2秒的则没有出现在日志中。如果慢查询日志中记录内容很多,可以使用mysqldumpslow工具来对慢查询日志进行分类汇总。
注意:慢查询日志对于我们发现应用中有性能问题的SQL很有帮助,建议正常情况下,打开此日志并经常查看分析。
总结:
MySQL最常用的4种日志类型:
错误日志、二进制日志、查询日志和慢查询日志
系统故障时,建议首先查看错误日志,以帮助用户迅速定位故障原因。
如果要记录数据的变更、数据的备份、数据的复制等操作时,二进制日志必须打开,以帮助用户进行数据恢复等操作。
如果希望记录数据库发生的任何操作,则需要用--log将查询日志打开,此日志默认关闭,一般情况下建议不要打开此日志,以免影响系统整体性能。
如果希望查看系统的性能问题,希望找到有性能问题的SQL语句,则需要用--log-slow-queries打开慢查询日志。

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