一、内连接
语法:
SELECT ... FROM join_table [INNER] JOIN join_table2 [ON join_condition] WHERE where_definition
只列出这些连接表中与连接条件相匹配的数据行。
例:
SELECT * FROM table1 a JOIN table2 b ON a.dept_id = b.id;或SELECT * FROM table1 a, table2 b WHERE a.dept_id = b.id;
二、外连接
语法:
SELECT ... FROM join_table (LEFT|RIGHT|FULL) [OUTER] JOIN join_table2 ON join_condition WHERE where_definition
不仅列出与连接条件相匹配的行,还列出左表(左外连接)、右表(右外连接)或两个表(全外连接)中所有符合WHERE过滤条件的数据行。需要注意的是MySQL5.1暂不支持FULL JOIN连接。
例:
左外连: SELECT * FROM table1 a LEFT JOIN table2 b ON a.dept_id = b.id;右外连:SELECT * FROM table1 a RIGHT JOIN table2 b ON a.dept_id = b.id;
三、交叉连接
语法:
SELECT ... FROM join_table CROSS JOIN join_table2;
没有ON子句和WHERE子句,它返回连接表中所有数据行的笛卡尔积。
其结果集合中的数据行数等于第一个表中符合查询条件的数据行数乘以第二个表中符合查询条件的数据行数。
相当于:
SELECT ... FROM table1, table2;
四、自连接
参与连接的表都是同一张表。(通过给表取别名虚拟出)
SELECT a.name aname, b.name bname FROM table a LEFT JOIN table bON b.id = a.gmr;--查询出员工姓名和其经理的姓名 SELECT a.name aname FROM table a RIGHT JOIN table b ON a.id = b.gmr; --查询出所有经理的姓名
自连接在实际应用当中比较常见,其语句也绕口,可将同一张表当成两张不同的表来理解,比如明明是同一张表,记录了员工基本信息,其中包含着每位员工的经理的ID,那么则可以把它当作一张员工表,一张经理表来对待。呃~怎么说呢,还是有点绕,等到实际应用中慢慢摸索吧。。。

MySQL is an open source relational database management system, mainly used to store and retrieve data quickly and reliably. Its working principle includes client requests, query resolution, execution of queries and return results. Examples of usage include creating tables, inserting and querying data, and advanced features such as JOIN operations. Common errors involve SQL syntax, data types, and permissions, and optimization suggestions include the use of indexes, optimized queries, and partitioning of tables.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system suitable for data storage, management, query and security. 1. It supports a variety of operating systems and is widely used in Web applications and other fields. 2. Through the client-server architecture and different storage engines, MySQL processes data efficiently. 3. Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, inserting, querying and updating data. 4. Advanced usage involves complex queries and stored procedures. 5. Common errors can be debugged through the EXPLAIN statement. 6. Performance optimization includes the rational use of indexes and optimized query statements.

MySQL is chosen for its performance, reliability, ease of use, and community support. 1.MySQL provides efficient data storage and retrieval functions, supporting multiple data types and advanced query operations. 2. Adopt client-server architecture and multiple storage engines to support transaction and query optimization. 3. Easy to use, supports a variety of operating systems and programming languages. 4. Have strong community support and provide rich resources and solutions.

InnoDB's lock mechanisms include shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks and next key locks. 1. Shared lock allows transactions to read data without preventing other transactions from reading. 2. Exclusive lock prevents other transactions from reading and modifying data. 3. Intention lock optimizes lock efficiency. 4. Record lock lock index record. 5. Gap lock locks index recording gap. 6. The next key lock is a combination of record lock and gap lock to ensure data consistency.

The main reasons for poor MySQL query performance include not using indexes, wrong execution plan selection by the query optimizer, unreasonable table design, excessive data volume and lock competition. 1. No index causes slow querying, and adding indexes can significantly improve performance. 2. Use the EXPLAIN command to analyze the query plan and find out the optimizer error. 3. Reconstructing the table structure and optimizing JOIN conditions can improve table design problems. 4. When the data volume is large, partitioning and table division strategies are adopted. 5. In a high concurrency environment, optimizing transactions and locking strategies can reduce lock competition.

In database optimization, indexing strategies should be selected according to query requirements: 1. When the query involves multiple columns and the order of conditions is fixed, use composite indexes; 2. When the query involves multiple columns but the order of conditions is not fixed, use multiple single-column indexes. Composite indexes are suitable for optimizing multi-column queries, while single-column indexes are suitable for single-column queries.

To optimize MySQL slow query, slowquerylog and performance_schema need to be used: 1. Enable slowquerylog and set thresholds to record slow query; 2. Use performance_schema to analyze query execution details, find out performance bottlenecks and optimize.

MySQL and SQL are essential skills for developers. 1.MySQL is an open source relational database management system, and SQL is the standard language used to manage and operate databases. 2.MySQL supports multiple storage engines through efficient data storage and retrieval functions, and SQL completes complex data operations through simple statements. 3. Examples of usage include basic queries and advanced queries, such as filtering and sorting by condition. 4. Common errors include syntax errors and performance issues, which can be optimized by checking SQL statements and using EXPLAIN commands. 5. Performance optimization techniques include using indexes, avoiding full table scanning, optimizing JOIN operations and improving code readability.


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Dreamweaver Mac version
Visual web development tools

MantisBT
Mantis is an easy-to-deploy web-based defect tracking tool designed to aid in product defect tracking. It requires PHP, MySQL and a web server. Check out our demo and hosting services.

SAP NetWeaver Server Adapter for Eclipse
Integrate Eclipse with SAP NetWeaver application server.

VSCode Windows 64-bit Download
A free and powerful IDE editor launched by Microsoft

PhpStorm Mac version
The latest (2018.2.1) professional PHP integrated development tool