Learn to use variables, numeric expressions and assignment operators in awk
我觉得 awk 系列 将会越来越好,在本系列的前七节我们讨论了在 Linux 中处理文件和筛选字符串所需要的一些 awk 命令基础。
在这一部分,我们将会进入 awk 更高级的部分,使用 awk 处理更复杂的文本和进行字符串过滤操作。因此,我们将会讲到 Awk 的一些特性,诸如变量、数值表达式和赋值运算符。
你可能已经在很多编程语言中接触过它们,比如 shell,C,Python 等;这些概念在理解上和这些语言没有什么不同,所以在这一小节中你不用担心很难理解,我们将会简短的提及常用的一些 awk 特性。
这一小节可能是 awk 命令里最容易理解的部分,所以放松点,我们开始吧。
1. Awk 变量在很多编程语言中,变量就是一个存储了值的占位符,当你在程序中新建一个变量的时候,程序一运行就会在内存中创建一些空间,你为变量赋的值会存储在这些内存空间上。
你可以像下面这样定义 shell 变量一样定义 awk 变量:
variable_name=value
上面的语法:
- variable_name : 为定义的变量的名字
- value : 为变量赋的值
再看下面的一些例子:
computer_name=”tecmint.com” port_no=”22” email=”[email protected]” server=computer_name
观察上面的简单的例子,在定义第一个变量的时候,值 'tecmint.com' 被赋给了 'computer_name' 变量。
此外,值 22 也被赋给了 port_no 变量,把一个变量的值赋给另一个变量也是可以的,在最后的例子中我们把变量 computer_name 的值赋给了变量 server。
你可以看看本系列的第 2 节中提到的字段编辑,我们讨论了 awk 怎样将输入的行分隔为若干字段并且使用标准字段访问操作符 $ 来访问拆分出来的不同字段。我们也可以像下面这样使用变量为字段赋值。
first_name=$2 second_name=$3
在上面的例子中,变量 first_name 的值设置为第二个字段,second_name 的值设置为第三个字段。
再举个例子,有一个名为 names.txt 的文件,这个文件包含了一个应用程序的用户列表,这个用户列表包含了用户的名和姓以及性别。可以使用 cat 命令 查看文件内容:
$ cat names.txt
然后,我们也可以使用下面的 awk 命令把列表中第一个用户的第一个和第二个名字分别存储到变量 first_name 和 second_name 上:
$ awk '/Aaron/{ first_name=$2 ; second_name=$3 ; print first_name, second_name ; }' names.txt
再看一个例子,当你在终端运行 'uname -a' 时,它可以打印出所有的系统信息。
第二个字段包含了你的主机名,因此,我们可以像下面这样把它赋给一个叫做 hostname 的变量并且用 awk 打印出来。
$ uname -a $ uname -a | awk '{hostname=$2 ; print hostname ; }'
在 Awk 中,数值表达式使用下面的数值运算符组成:
- * : 乘法运算符
- + : 加法运算符
- /: 除法运算符
- - : 减法运算符
- % : 取模运算符
- ^ : 指数运算符
数值表达式的语法是:
$ operand1 operator operand2
上面的 operand1 和 operand2 可以是数值和变量,运算符可以是上面列出的任意一种。
下面是一些展示怎样使用数值表达式的例子:
counter=0 num1=5 num2=10 num3=num2-num1 counter=counter+1
要理解 Awk 中数值表达式的用法,我们可以看看下面的例子,文件 domians.txt 里包括了所有属于 Tecmint 的域名。
news.tecmint.com tecmint.com linuxsay.com windows.tecmint.com tecmint.com news.tecmint.com tecmint.com linuxsay.com tecmint.com news.tecmint.com tecmint.com linuxsay.com windows.tecmint.com tecmint.com
可以使用下面的命令查看文件的内容:
$ cat domains.txt
如果想要计算出域名 tecmint.com 在文件中出现的次数,我们就可以通过写一个简单的脚本实现这个功能:
#!/bin/bash for file in $@; do if [ -f $file ] ; then #print out filename echo "File is: $file" #print a number incrementally for every line containing tecmint.com awk '/^tecmint.com/ { counter=counter+1 ; printf "%s/n", counter ; }' $file else #print error info incase input is not a file echo "$file is not a file, please specify a file." >&2 && exit 1 fi done #terminate script with exit code 0 in case of successful execution exit 0
写完脚本后保存并赋予执行权限,当我们使用文件运行脚本的时候,文件 domains.txt 作为脚本的输入,我们会得到下面的输出:
$ ./script.sh ~/domains.txt
从脚本执行后的输出中,可以看到在文件 domains.txt 中包含域名 tecmint.com 的地方有 6 行,你可以自己计算进行验证。
3. 赋值操作符我们要说的最后的 Awk 特性是赋值操作符,下面列出的只是 awk 中的部分赋值运算符:
- *= : 乘法赋值操作符
- +=
- /= : 除法赋值操作符
- -= : 减法赋值操作符
- %= : 取模赋值操作符
- ^= : 指数赋值操作符
下面是 Awk 中最简单的一个赋值操作的语法:
$ variable_name=variable_name operator operand
例子:
counter=0 counter=counter+1 num=20 num=num-1
你可以使用在 awk 中使用上面的赋值操作符使命令更简短,从先前的例子中,我们可以使用下面这种格式进行赋值操作:
variable_name operator=operand counter=0 counter+=1 num=20 num-=1
因此,我们可以在 shell 脚本中改变 awk 命令,使用上面提到的 += 操作符:
#!/bin/bash for file in $@; do if [ -f $file ] ; then #print out filename echo "File is: $file" #print a number incrementally for every line containing tecmint.com awk '/^tecmint.com/ { counter+=1 ; printf "%s/n", counter ; }' $file else #print error info incase input is not a file echo "$file is not a file, please specify a file." >&2 && exit 1 fi done #terminate script with exit code 0 in case of successful execution exit 0
In this part of the awk series, we discussed some useful awk features, including variables, using numeric expressions and the assignment operator, and some examples of their use.
These concepts are no different from other programming languages, but there may be some differences in awk.
In Section 9 of this series, we will learn more about awk features, such as special formats: BEGIN and END. Please stay tuned.
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