search
HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorialmysql select语句操作实例_MySQL

Select的语法

代码如下:


SELECT
    [ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW ]
      [HIGH_PRIORITY]
      [STRAIGHT_JOIN]
      [SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [SQL_BUFFER_RESULT]
      [SQL_CACHE | SQL_NO_CACHE] [SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS]
    select_expr, ...
    [INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' export_options
      | INTO DUMPFILE 'file_name']
    [FROM table_references
    [WHERE where_definition]
    [GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position}
      [ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]]
    [HAVING where_definition]
    [ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position}
      [ASC | DESC] , ...]
    [LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
    [PROCEDURE procedure_name(argument_list)]
    [FOR UPDATE | LOCK IN SHARE MODE]]

SELECT用于恢复从一个或多个表中选择的行,并可以加入UNION语句和子查询。

每个select_expr都指示一个您想要恢复的列, table_references指示行从哪个表或哪些表中被恢复。

简单查询

代码如下:


SELECT columna columnb FROM mytable;

ORDER BY查询

代码如下:


SELECT college, region, seed FROM tournament  ORDER BY region, seed;
SELECT college, region AS r, seed AS s FROM tournament ORDER BY r, s;
SELECT college, region, seed FROM tournament  ORDER BY 2, 3;

--要以相反的顺序进行分类,应把DESC(降序)关键字添加到ORDER BY子句中的列名称中。默认值为升序;该值可以使用ASC关键词明确地指定。
SELECT a, COUNT(b) FROM test_table ORDER BY a DESC;

GROUP BY查询

代码如下:


SELECT a, COUNT(b) FROM test_table GROUP BY a DESC;
SELECT COUNT(col1) AS col2 FROM t GROUP BY col2 HAVING col2 = 2;

-- HAVING不能用于应被用于WHERE子句的条目,不能编写如下语句:
SELECT col_name FROM tbl_name HAVING col_name > 0;
--而应该这么编写
SELECT col_name FROM tbl_name WHERE col_name > 0;

--HAVING子句可以引用总计函数,而WHERE子句不能引用:
SELECT user, MAX(salary) FROM users GROUP BY user HAVING MAX(salary)>10;

LIMIT查询

代码如下:


SELECT * FROM tbl LIMIT 10;  # Retrieve rows 0-9;
SELECT * FROM tbl LIMIT 5,10;  # Retrieve rows 6-15;

--如果要恢复从某个偏移量到结果集合的末端之间的所有的行,您可以对第二个参数是使用比较大的数。
--以下语句可以恢复从第96行到最后的所有行:
SELECT * FROM tbl LIMIT 95,18446744073709551615;

SELECT...INTO OUTFILE

SELECT...INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'形式的SELECT可以把被选择的行写入一个文件中。该文件被创建到服务器主机上,因此您必须拥有FILE权限,才能使用此语法。file_name不能是一个原有的文件。

SELECT...INTO OUTFILE语句的主要作用是让您可以非常快速地把一个表转储到服务器机器上。如果您想要在服务器主机之外的部分客户主机上创建结果文件,您不能使用SELECT...INTO OUTFILE。在这种情况下,您应该在客户主机上使用比如“mysql –e "SELECT ..." > file_name”的命令,来生成文件。

SELECT...INTO OUTFILE是LOAD DATA INFILE的补语;用于语句的exort_options部分的语法包括部分FIELDS和LINES子句,这些子句与LOAD DATA INFILE语句同时使用。

在下面的例子中,生成一个文件,各值用逗号隔开。这种格式可以被许多程序使用

代码如下:


SELECT a,b,a+b INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/result.text'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
FROM test_table;

如果您使用INTO DUMPFILE代替INTO OUTFILE,则MySQL只把一行写入到文件中,不对任何列或行进行终止,也不执行任何转义处理。如果您想要把一个BLOB值存储到文件中,则这个语句是有用的。

UNION

UNION用于把来自许多SELECT语句的结果组合到一个结果集合中,语法如下:

代码如下:


SELECT ...
UNION [ALL | DISTINCT]
SELECT ...
[UNION [ALL | DISTINCT]
SELECT ...]

列于每个SELECT语句的对应位置的被选择的列应具有相同的类型。(例如,被第一个语句选择的第一列应和被其它语句选择的第一列具有相同的类型。)在第一个SELECT语句中被使用的列名称也被用于结果的列名称。

如果您对UNION不使用关键词ALL,则所有返回的行都是唯一的,如同您已经对整个结果集合使用了DISTINCT。如果您指定了ALL,您会从所有用过的SELECT语句中得到所有匹配的行。

您可以在同一查询中混合UNION ALL和UNION DISTINCT。被混合的UNION类型按照这样的方式对待,即DISTICT共用体覆盖位于其左边的所有ALL共用体。DISTINCT共用体可以使用UNION DISTINCT明确地生成,或使用UNION(后面不加DISTINCT或ALL关键词)隐含地生成。

简单例子:

代码如下:


(SELECT a FROM tbl_name WHERE a=10 AND B=1)
UNION
(SELECT a FROM tbl_name WHERE a=11 AND B=2)
ORDER BY a LIMIT 10;

ALL, DISTINCT和DISTINCTROW

ALL, DISTINCT和DISTINCTROW选项指定是否重复行应被返回。如果这些选项没有被给定,则默认值为ALL(所有的匹配行被返回)。DISTINCT和DISTINCTROW是同义词,用于指定结果集合中的重复行应被删除。

代码如下:


SELECT DISTINCT a FROM table_name;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT a) FROM table_name;

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Explain the role of InnoDB redo logs and undo logs.Explain the role of InnoDB redo logs and undo logs.Apr 15, 2025 am 12:16 AM

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

What are the key metrics to look for in an EXPLAIN output (type, key, rows, Extra)?What are the key metrics to look for in an EXPLAIN output (type, key, rows, Extra)?Apr 15, 2025 am 12:15 AM

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

What is the Using temporary status in EXPLAIN and how to avoid it?What is the Using temporary status in EXPLAIN and how to avoid it?Apr 15, 2025 am 12:14 AM

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB

Describe the different SQL transaction isolation levels (Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable) and their implications in MySQL/InnoDB.Describe the different SQL transaction isolation levels (Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable) and their implications in MySQL/InnoDB.Apr 15, 2025 am 12:11 AM

MySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.

MySQL vs. Other Databases: Comparing the OptionsMySQL vs. Other Databases: Comparing the OptionsApr 15, 2025 am 12:08 AM

MySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.

How does MySQL index cardinality affect query performance?How does MySQL index cardinality affect query performance?Apr 14, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

MySQL: Resources and Tutorials for New UsersMySQL: Resources and Tutorials for New UsersApr 14, 2025 am 12:16 AM

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

Real-World MySQL: Examples and Use CasesReal-World MySQL: Examples and Use CasesApr 14, 2025 am 12:15 AM

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. Best Graphic Settings
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. How to Fix Audio if You Can't Hear Anyone
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
WWE 2K25: How To Unlock Everything In MyRise
1 months agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

MantisBT

MantisBT

Mantis is an easy-to-deploy web-based defect tracking tool designed to aid in product defect tracking. It requires PHP, MySQL and a web server. Check out our demo and hosting services.

PhpStorm Mac version

PhpStorm Mac version

The latest (2018.2.1) professional PHP integrated development tool

WebStorm Mac version

WebStorm Mac version

Useful JavaScript development tools

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

Powerful PHP integrated development environment