4:MySQL 分区技术(是mysql 5.1以版本后开始用->是甲骨文mysql技术团队维护人员以插件形式插入到mysql里面的技术)
目前,针对海量数据的优化主要有2中方法:
1:大表拆成小表的方式(物理上)
一:垂直分表->一张垂直切成几张
二:水平分表(一般重点)->横切,意思就是一张表有100个数据横切10张表,一张表存10条(字段一致)
2:SQL语句的优化(可以通过增加索引等来调整,但是数据量大的增大会导致索引的维护代价增大)
水平分区技术将一个表拆成多个表,比较常用的方式是将表中的记录按照某种hash算法进行拆分,简单的拆分方法如取摸
方式。同样,这种分区方法也必须对前端的应用程序中的SQL进行修改方可以使用。而且对于一个SQL,它可能会修改两个
表,那么你必须地写出2个SQL语句从而可以完成一个逻辑事务,使得程序的判断逻辑越来越复杂,这样也导致程序的维护代价
高,也就失去了采用数据库的优势。
*因此:分区技术可以有力地避免如上的弊端,成为解决海量数据存储的有力方法。
分区技术:
->>有效解决了:物理上拆分多个表,逻辑上操作一个表表明不变
->>MySQL分区技术介绍(*主要用的是range 和 list 分区*):
-----分区在逻辑上是一张表,在硬件/物理上是多张表,就是拆分表索引和数据-----
MySQL的分区技术不同与之前的分表技术,它与水平分表有点类似,但是它在逻辑层进行的水平分表,
对与应用程序而言它还是一张表,
MySQL5.1版本后有4中分区类型:
一:RANGE分区(用的最多):基于属于一个给定连续区间的列值(字段),把多行分配给分区 -->基于女字段为参考点来进行分区
--将一个表拆分成:索引文件,数据文件分片存储
二:LIST分区:类似于按range分区,区别在于list分区是基于列值匹配一个离散值集合中的某个值来进行选择(列里面的值是固定值时候来进行分区,而且是枚举类型的值适合用list分区 -->比如说 性别:男,女)
三:HASH分区:基于用户定义的表达式的返回值来进行选择的分区,改表达式使用将要插入到表中的这些行的列值计算,这个函数可以包含MySQL中有效的、产生负整数值的任何表达式
--->把每次插入的数据随机的平均的分配到多个分区里面,最终多个分区里面的数据时平均分配的,但是每个分区里面的数值肯能不太一样,因为是随机分配的(一般可以用来做MySQL分区的测试来使用)
四:KEY分区:类似于按hash分区,区别在于key分区只支持计算一列或多列,且MySQL服务器提供其自身的哈希函数
测试一下(测试用hash类型的):->myisam增删改查的速度快
create table t2(id int)engine=myisam
partition by hash(id)
partitions 5; ->能后当你插入数据的时候就会随机分配插入个个分区中
建立一个存储
\d // ->修改结束符号 之前是;号改成 //
create procedure p5()
begin
set @i=1;
while @i
insert into t4 values(@i);
set @i=@i+1;
end while;
end //
执行刚才建立的存储
call p3() ->表p3就插入了9999条数据
innodb的数据结构:
分为:共享表空间及其独占表空间
一:innodb表结构共享表空间不能做成分区表:
所有文件的数据和索引都在ibddata1(比如你建了2个表会对应生成frm文件,但是2个表的所有数据和索引全部在这个文件里面共用,所有不能对表做正真的分区,初始值是10M)
原因:数据和索引全都是放在一个文件里面 .ibddata1文件
二:innodb表结构要想做出分区表必须是“独占表空间”
原因:数据和索引全都是独立的一个文件
开启独占空间:(*必须配置文件中开启文件才能做出独占表空间,才能做成分区表*)
innodb_data_home_dir = C:\mysql\data\
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
innodb_log_group_home_dir = C:\mysql\data\
innodb_file_per_table=1 ->配置文件中innodb下方加上
重启:MySQL -->pkill mysqld 关闭进程 重新启动MySQL-bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
测试:
create table t4(id int)engine=innodb
partition by RANGE(id)(
partition p0 values less than(10000),
partition p1 values less than(20000),
PARTITION p2 VALUES less than MAXVALUE);
能后你在创建innodb类型的数据表后,你会发现建一个x表就有x.frm x.ibd文件,就不会和其他表放到一起从而做表分区
*重点总结:只有把innodb设置成独立的表空间后,才能创建innodb表引擎的表分区
相关命令:
/s; 查看详细信息版本啊编码啊 什么的。。。
show engines; 查看默认表引擎
show plugins; 查看当前MySQL的所有插件,可以查看是否支持分区partition
show index from from tabName; 查看索引
show procedure status; 查看简历的存储

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