作者在之前的文章 “MySQL事务及为何不能在PHP模仿事务” 里面, 详细说明了事务的优点,并介绍了一些简单的SQL命令,使得应用程序更加健壮。但在web程序员的生命旅程中并没有多少事情是看起来那样简单的。。。。。
不能回滚的语句(Statements you can’t ROLLBACK)
很遗憾滴通知你, 并不是所有的数据库操作都支持回滚( ROLLBACK ) 。如果你更改数据库/表结构(schema), 所有当前事务都会被提交, 而升级(alteration )将会在其独有的事务中运行(不属于任何客户端事务)。这些语句包括:
CREATE DATABASE ALTER DATABASE DROP DATABASE CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE RENAME TABLE TRUNCATE TABLE CREATE INDEX DROP INDEX CREATE EVENT DROP EVENT CREATE FUNCTION DROP FUNCTION CREATE PROCEDURE DROP PROCEDURE我们不能撤消数据库根本上的变化, 例如:
START TRANSACTION; DROP TABLE MyImportantData; -- 所有事务会被强制提交, existing (empty) transaction is COMMIT-ed -- 然后该表就被永久地删除了(table is dropped permanently) ROLLBACK; -- 没机会了,数据已经不要你了. no chance, mate - your data's gone
提示: 临时表(TEMPORARY)
创建、升级和删除(CREATE, ALTER, and DROP)临时表并不会引起隐式提交(implicit COMMIT. )。当然,这些操作也是不能回滚的。
保存点(Savepoint)
我们对异常那是爱之深责之切,那么让我们来看看另一个设计优美的部分。保存点(Savepoint)是事务中有效的命名位置。你可以回滚到某个保存点而不影响改点之前的SQL更新。。。有点像Photoshop中的历史面板。
最简单的方法,我们一起来看个示例:
START TRANSACTION; -- 增加 tableA 的记录 INSERT INTO tableA VALUES (1,2,3); -- 创建保存点 tableAupdated SAVEPOINT tableAupdated; -- 增加 tableB 的记录 INSERT INTO tableB VALUES (4,5,6); -- 反正发生了些什么不愉快的事,要取消对 tableB 所做的更新... ROLLBACK TO tableAupdated; -- 这时候提交,就只有 tableA 被更新了 COMMIT;
当然, 也可以设置多个保存点标识符(SAVEPOINT identifiers), 并且在事务中回滚到任意一处。
也可以删除一个保存点,语法如下:
RELEASE SAVEPOINT savepointName;
只要事务提交或者(整个)回滚,那么所有的保存点都会被删除。
事务和保存点的使用非常简单,能有效保护 InnoDB 中重要的数据。你还有什么理由坚持使用 MyISAM 呢,现在MyISAM的效率也不如InnoDB了。

Stored procedures are precompiled SQL statements in MySQL for improving performance and simplifying complex operations. 1. Improve performance: After the first compilation, subsequent calls do not need to be recompiled. 2. Improve security: Restrict data table access through permission control. 3. Simplify complex operations: combine multiple SQL statements to simplify application layer logic.

The working principle of MySQL query cache is to store the results of SELECT query, and when the same query is executed again, the cached results are directly returned. 1) Query cache improves database reading performance and finds cached results through hash values. 2) Simple configuration, set query_cache_type and query_cache_size in MySQL configuration file. 3) Use the SQL_NO_CACHE keyword to disable the cache of specific queries. 4) In high-frequency update environments, query cache may cause performance bottlenecks and needs to be optimized for use through monitoring and adjustment of parameters.

The reasons why MySQL is widely used in various projects include: 1. High performance and scalability, supporting multiple storage engines; 2. Easy to use and maintain, simple configuration and rich tools; 3. Rich ecosystem, attracting a large number of community and third-party tool support; 4. Cross-platform support, suitable for multiple operating systems.

The steps for upgrading MySQL database include: 1. Backup the database, 2. Stop the current MySQL service, 3. Install the new version of MySQL, 4. Start the new version of MySQL service, 5. Recover the database. Compatibility issues are required during the upgrade process, and advanced tools such as PerconaToolkit can be used for testing and optimization.

MySQL backup policies include logical backup, physical backup, incremental backup, replication-based backup, and cloud backup. 1. Logical backup uses mysqldump to export database structure and data, which is suitable for small databases and version migrations. 2. Physical backups are fast and comprehensive by copying data files, but require database consistency. 3. Incremental backup uses binary logging to record changes, which is suitable for large databases. 4. Replication-based backup reduces the impact on the production system by backing up from the server. 5. Cloud backups such as AmazonRDS provide automation solutions, but costs and control need to be considered. When selecting a policy, database size, downtime tolerance, recovery time, and recovery point goals should be considered.

MySQLclusteringenhancesdatabaserobustnessandscalabilitybydistributingdataacrossmultiplenodes.ItusestheNDBenginefordatareplicationandfaulttolerance,ensuringhighavailability.Setupinvolvesconfiguringmanagement,data,andSQLnodes,withcarefulmonitoringandpe

Optimizing database schema design in MySQL can improve performance through the following steps: 1. Index optimization: Create indexes on common query columns, balancing the overhead of query and inserting updates. 2. Table structure optimization: Reduce data redundancy through normalization or anti-normalization and improve access efficiency. 3. Data type selection: Use appropriate data types, such as INT instead of VARCHAR, to reduce storage space. 4. Partitioning and sub-table: For large data volumes, use partitioning and sub-table to disperse data to improve query and maintenance efficiency.

TooptimizeMySQLperformance,followthesesteps:1)Implementproperindexingtospeedupqueries,2)UseEXPLAINtoanalyzeandoptimizequeryperformance,3)Adjustserverconfigurationsettingslikeinnodb_buffer_pool_sizeandmax_connections,4)Usepartitioningforlargetablestoi


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