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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL自增长主键探究_MySQL

MySQL自动增长使用的关键字是 AUTO_INCREMENT; 因为属于 DDL,所以不区分大小写. 使用的列,必须被定义为 key, 比如主键,唯一键等。

本文中使用的数据库是 MariaDB 5.5.5

默认事务隔离界别是 REPEATABLE-READ

客户端是安装 Windows版本 MariaDB时附带安装的 HeidiSQL .

社区免费版的下载页面为: https://downloads.mariadb.org/mariadb/

创建测试表

使用客户端连接到服务器, 用户为 root,密码也是 root 如:

mysql -h localhost -P 3306 -u root -proot

先选择切换 database:

USE `test`;

创建测试表:

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `test_auto`;

CREATE TABLE `test_auto` (
    `id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
)
COMMENT='测试自动增长'
COLLATE='utf8_general_ci'
ENGINE=InnoDB;

客户端1的操作

使用新的客户端1连接到服务器, 用户为 root,密码也是 root 如:

mysql -h localhost -P 3306 -u root -proot

切换 database:

USE `test`;

然后,在客户端1之中, 开启事务, 插入一些数据, 但是不提交.

# 在客户端1中执行
begin ;
insert into test_auto() values();
insert into test_auto() values();
insert into test_auto() values();
insert into test_auto() values();
insert into test_auto() values();
insert into test_auto() values();

此时,可以使用查询语句

SELECT * FROM `test`.`test_auto`;

可以看到, 得到了6条数据, id 是 1-6, 对应着我们插入数据的SQL数。因为我们没有提交, 所以这个结果只能在客户端1中看见。

客户端2的操作

使用新的客户端2连接到服务器, 用户为 root,密码也是 root 如:

mysql -h localhost -P 3306 -u root -proot

切换 database:

USE `test`;

然后,在客户端2之中, 开启事务, 插入一些数据, 也不提交.

# 在客户端2中执行
begin ;
insert into test_auto() values();
insert into test_auto() values();
insert into test_auto() values();
insert into test_auto() values();
insert into test_auto() values();

此时,可以使用查询语句

SELECT * FROM `test`.`test_auto`;

可以看到, 得到了5条数据, id 是 7-11, 对应着我们插入数据的SQL数。因为我们没有提交, 所以这个结果只能在客户端2中看见。

这里我们可以看到,自增的主键是全局唯一的,如果有事务回滚,那么已经自增的部分,是不会受影响的。多个事务之间的自增主键也不会互相影响, 能保证唯一,但不能保证最终的记录是连续的。

注意

通过客户端1和客户端2的操作,可以发现没提交的事务操作其他客户端是不能看到的。

这是 REPEATABLE-READ 事务隔离级别, 在开启事务后, 还没提交前, 客户端看到的记录, 是 事务开启那一刻的快照, 加上本次会话中执行操作的结果。保证在事务执行过程中,不受其他会话所提交事务的影响。

如果事务的隔离级别是 READ COMMITtED , 只能看到提交成功的记录。

查询事务隔离级别: select @@tx_isolation

客户端3的操作

使用新的客户端3连接到服务器, 用户为 root,密码也是 root 如:

mysql -h localhost -P 3306 -u root -proot

切换 database:

USE `test`;

然后,在客户端3之中, 先使用查询语句:

SELECT * FROM `test`.`test_auto`;

可以看到, 一条数据也没有,因为还没有数据被提交。

客户端1的操作-续

回到客户端1的窗口, 执行查询语句:

SELECT * FROM `test`.`test_auto`;

可以看到还是原先的6条记录。接着提交事务

commit;

客户端2的操作-续

回到客户端2的窗口, 执行查询语句:

SELECT * FROM `test`.`test_auto`;

可以看到还是原先的5条记录。接着回滚事务

rollback;

再执行查询语句:

SELECT * FROM `test`.`test_auto`;

可以看到6条记录(ID为1-6),为什么是6条? 因为回滚时本次事务就结束,然后也不读取快照版本,而是读取所有可见的数据,即客户端1提交的数据。

其他操作

接着在客户端1中看到的也是6条记录.

也可以继续执行几次插入或者事务操作,中途查询数据,并分析结果。

小结

MySQL的自动增长列, 保证了不重复,不保证中间不跳号(当然,不跳号只有某些特殊业务有需求)。特别是在事务执行环境里执行时, 为了不影响逻辑与性能,也只能采用这种处理方式。

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