Python underlying technology revealed: how to implement IO operations

Revealing the underlying technology of Python: how to implement IO operations

Introduction
As a popular and easy-to-learn programming language, Python is widely used in various fields. In Python, IO operations are one of the most common and important functions. This article will focus on the underlying implementation of IO operations in Python, and help readers understand its internal principles through specific code examples.

Python's IO model
In Python, IO operations mainly involve file reading and writing, network communication and other functions. Python's IO model is based on file descriptors (file descriptors), and underlying IO operations are implemented by operating file descriptors.

The file descriptor is the index of the open file by the operating system and can be represented by a non-negative integer. When an application opens a file, the operating system allocates a file descriptor to it and uses the file descriptor in subsequent IO operations to identify the file. Python provides encapsulation of file descriptors through the built-in io module, allowing developers to perform IO operations more conveniently.

Underlying IO operation examples
Below we use specific code examples to demonstrate the implementation of underlying IO operations in Python. The first is file read and write operations.

# 文件读操作示例
file = open('example.txt', 'r')
data = file.read()
print(data)
file.close()

# 文件写操作示例
file = open('example.txt', 'w')
file.write('Hello, Python!')
file.close()

In the above code, we open a file through the open function, specify the file opening method (read or write), then read and write the file through the read and write methods, and finally use the close method Close the file.

In addition to file read and write operations, network communication is also one of the common IO operations in Python. Below we take Socket as an example to demonstrate the underlying network communication operations in Python.

import socket

# 服务端示例
server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
server_socket.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8888))
server_socket.listen(5)
connection, address = server_socket.accept()
print('Connected by', address)
data = connection.recv(1024)
print('Received', data)
connection.sendall(b'Hello, Client')
connection.close()

# 客户端示例
client_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
client_socket.connect(('127.0.0.1', 8888))
client_socket.send(b'Hello, Server')
data = client_socket.recv(1024)
print('Received', data)
client_socket.close()

In the above code, we implemented a simple server and client respectively. The server binds and monitors through the socket, and performs data sending and receiving operations after receiving the client connection; the client connects to the server through the socket, and performs data sending and receiving operations. This demonstrates how low-level network communication is implemented in Python.

Conclusion
Through this article, we have conducted a preliminary discussion on the underlying implementation of IO operations in Python, and deepened readers' understanding of its internal principles through specific code examples. An in-depth understanding of the underlying technology of IO operations can help developers better utilize Python for IO programming and customize and optimize it when needed. I hope this article will be helpful to readers, and that readers can further explore the underlying technology of Python through learning and improve their programming skills.

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