面向对象程序通过类的分层结构构建起来. 在单重继承语言如PHP中, 类的继承是树状的. 一个根类有一个或更多的子类,再从每个子类继承出一个或更多下一级子类. 当然,可能存在多个根类,用来实现不同的功能. 在一个良好设计的体系中,每个根类都应该有一个有用的接口, 可以被应用代码所使用. 如果我们的应用代码被设计成与根类一起工作,那么它也可以和任何一个从根类继承出来的子类合作.
抽象方法是就像子类中一般的方法的占位符(占个地方但不起作用),它与一般方法不同—没有任何代码. 如果类中存在一个或更多抽象方法, 那么这个类就成了抽象类. 你不能实例化抽象类. 你必须继承它们,然后实例化子类. 你也可以把抽象类看成是子类的一个模板.
如果你覆写所有的抽象方法, 子类就变成一个普通的类. 如果没有覆写所有方法, 子类仍是抽象的. 如果一个类中中包含有抽象方法(哪怕只有一个), 你必须声明这个类是抽象的, 在class关键字前加上abstract.
声明抽象方法的语法与声明一般方法不同. 抽象方法的没有像一般方法那样包含在大括号{}中的主体部份,并用分号;来结束.
在例子6.13中, 我们定义了一个含有getArea方法的类Shape. 但由于不知道形状不可能确定图形的面积,确良我们声明了getArea方法为抽象方法. 你不能实例化一个Shape对象,但你可以继承它或在一个表达式中使用它, 就像例6.13中那样.
如果你建立了一个只有抽象方法的类,你就定义了一个接口(interface). 为了说明这种情况, PHP中有interface 和implements关键字. 你可以用interface来代替抽象类, 用implements来代替extends来说明你的类定义或使用一个接口. 例如, 你可以写一个myClass implements myIterface. 这两种方法可以依个人偏爱来选择.
/*注:
两种方法即指:
1. abstract class aaa{} (注意aaa中只有抽象方法,没有一般方法)
class bbb extends aaa{} (在bbb中覆写aaa中的抽象方法)
2. interface aaa{}
class bbb implements aaa{} (在bbb中覆写aaa中的抽象方法)
*/
Listing 6.13 Abstract classes
//abstract root class 抽象根类
abstract class Shape
{
abstract function getArea(); file://定义一个抽象方法
}
//abstract child class 抽象子类
abstract class Polygon extends Shape file://多边形
{
abstract function getNumberOfSides();
}
//concrete class 实体类 三角形类
class Triangle extends Polygon
{
public $base;
public $height;
public function getArea() file://覆写计算面积方法
{
return(($this->base * $this->height)/2);
}
public function getNumberOfSides() file://覆写边数统计方法
{
return(3);
}
}
//concrete class 实体类四边形
class Rectangle extends Polygon
{
public $width;
public $height;
public function getArea()
{
return($this->width * $this->height);
}
public function getNumberOfSides()
{
return(4);
}
}
//concrete class 实体类 圆形
class Circle extends Shape
{
public $radius;
public function getArea()
{
return(pi() * $this->radius * $this->radius);
}
}
//concrete root class 定义一个颜色类
class Color
{
public $name;
}
$myCollection = array(); file://建立形状的集合,放入数组
//make a rectangle
$r = new Rectangle;
$r->width = 5;
$r->height = 7;
$myCollection[] = $r;
unset($r);
//make a triangle
$t = new Triangle;
$t->base = 4;
$t->height = 5;
$myCollection[] = $t;
unset($t);
//make a circle
$c = new Circle;
$c->radius = 3;
$myCollection[] = $c;
unset($c);
//make a color
$c = new Color;
$c->name = "blue";
$myCollection[] = $c;
unset($c);
foreach($myCollection as $s)
{
if($s instanceof Shape) file://如果$s是Shape类的实例
{
print("Area: " . $s->getArea() .
"
n");
}
if($s instanceof Polygon)
{
print("Sides: " .
$s->getNumberOfSides() .
"
n");
}
if($s instanceof Color)
{
print("Color: $s->name
n");
}
print("
n");
}
?>

PHP remains important in modern web development, especially in content management and e-commerce platforms. 1) PHP has a rich ecosystem and strong framework support, such as Laravel and Symfony. 2) Performance optimization can be achieved through OPcache and Nginx. 3) PHP8.0 introduces JIT compiler to improve performance. 4) Cloud-native applications are deployed through Docker and Kubernetes to improve flexibility and scalability.

PHP is suitable for web development, especially in rapid development and processing dynamic content, but is not good at data science and enterprise-level applications. Compared with Python, PHP has more advantages in web development, but is not as good as Python in the field of data science; compared with Java, PHP performs worse in enterprise-level applications, but is more flexible in web development; compared with JavaScript, PHP is more concise in back-end development, but is not as good as JavaScript in front-end development.

PHP and Python each have their own advantages and are suitable for different scenarios. 1.PHP is suitable for web development and provides built-in web servers and rich function libraries. 2. Python is suitable for data science and machine learning, with concise syntax and a powerful standard library. When choosing, it should be decided based on project requirements.

PHP is a scripting language widely used on the server side, especially suitable for web development. 1.PHP can embed HTML, process HTTP requests and responses, and supports a variety of databases. 2.PHP is used to generate dynamic web content, process form data, access databases, etc., with strong community support and open source resources. 3. PHP is an interpreted language, and the execution process includes lexical analysis, grammatical analysis, compilation and execution. 4.PHP can be combined with MySQL for advanced applications such as user registration systems. 5. When debugging PHP, you can use functions such as error_reporting() and var_dump(). 6. Optimize PHP code to use caching mechanisms, optimize database queries and use built-in functions. 7

The reasons why PHP is the preferred technology stack for many websites include its ease of use, strong community support, and widespread use. 1) Easy to learn and use, suitable for beginners. 2) Have a huge developer community and rich resources. 3) Widely used in WordPress, Drupal and other platforms. 4) Integrate tightly with web servers to simplify development deployment.

PHP remains a powerful and widely used tool in modern programming, especially in the field of web development. 1) PHP is easy to use and seamlessly integrated with databases, and is the first choice for many developers. 2) It supports dynamic content generation and object-oriented programming, suitable for quickly creating and maintaining websites. 3) PHP's performance can be improved by caching and optimizing database queries, and its extensive community and rich ecosystem make it still important in today's technology stack.

In PHP, weak references are implemented through the WeakReference class and will not prevent the garbage collector from reclaiming objects. Weak references are suitable for scenarios such as caching systems and event listeners. It should be noted that it cannot guarantee the survival of objects and that garbage collection may be delayed.

The \_\_invoke method allows objects to be called like functions. 1. Define the \_\_invoke method so that the object can be called. 2. When using the $obj(...) syntax, PHP will execute the \_\_invoke method. 3. Suitable for scenarios such as logging and calculator, improving code flexibility and readability.


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