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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP Tutorial第八节访问方式[8]_PHP

第八节访问方式[8]_PHP

Jun 01, 2016 pm 12:38 PM
privateCanmemberWaymethodaccess


PHP5的访问方式允许限制对类成员的访问. 这是在PHP5中新增的功能,但在许多面向对象语言中都早已存在. 有了访问方式,才能开发一个可靠的面向对象应用程序,并且构建可重用的面向对象类库.

像C++和Java一样,PHP有三种访问方式:public,private和protected. 对于一个类成员的访问方式,可以是其中之一. 如果你没有指明访问方式,默认地访问方式为public. 你也可以为静态成员指明一种访问方式,将访问方式放在static关键字之前(如public static).

Public成员可以被毫无限制地访问.类外部的任何代码都可以读写public属性. 你可以从脚本的任何地方调用一个public方法. 在PHP的前几个版本中,所有方法和属性都是public, 这让人觉得对象就像是结构精巧的数组.

Private(私有)成员只在类的内部可见. 你不能在一个private属性所在的类方法之外改变或读取它的值. 同样地,只有在同一个类中的方法可以调用一个private方法. 继承的子类也不能访问父类中的private 成员.

要注意,类中的任何成员和类的实例都可以访问private成员. 看例子6.8,equals方法将两个widget进行比较.==运算符比较同一个类的两个对象,但这个例子中每个对象实例都有唯一的ID.equals 方法只比较name和price. 注意equals方法如何访问另一个Widget实例的private属性. Java和C都允许这样的操作.

Listing 6.8 Private members
class Widget
{
private $name;
private $price;
private $id;

public function __construct($name, $price)
{
$this->name = $name;
$this->price = floatval($price);
$this->id = uniqid();
}
//checks if two widgets are the same 检查两个widget是否相同
public function equals($widget)
{
return(($this->name == $widget->name)AND
($this->price == $widget->price));
}

$w1 = new Widget('Cog', 5.00);
$w2 = new Widget('Cog', 5.00);
$w3 = new Widget('Gear', 7.00);

//TRUE
if($w1->equals($w2))
{
print("w1 and w2 are the same
n");
}

//FALSE
if($w1->equals($w3))
{
print("w1 and w3 are the same
n");
}

//FALSE, == includes id in comparison
if($w1 == $w2) file://不等,因为ID不同
{
print("w1 and w2 are the same
n");
}
?>  一个子类可能改变通过覆写父类方法来改变方法的访问方式,尽管如此,仍然有一些限制. 如果你覆写了一个public类成员,他子类中必须保持public. 如果你覆写了一个protected成员,它可保持protected或变成public.Private成员仍然只在当前类中可见. 声明一个与父类的private成员同名的成员将简单地在当前类中建立一个与原来不同的成员. 因此,在技术上你不能覆写一个private成员.

Final关键字是限制访问成员方法的另一个方法. 子类不能覆写父类中标识为final的方法. Final关键字不能用于属性. //haohappy注:PHP5的面向对象模型仍然不够完善,如final不像Java中那样对Data,Method甚至Class都可以用。
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