PHP-FPM Performance Improvement Guide: Optimizing Your Website’s Response Time and Throughput

PHP-FPM Performance Improvement Guide: Optimizing the response time and throughput of the website requires specific code examples

Introduction:
In today's Internet era, the website's Performance optimization is becoming increasingly important. User experience on the website is directly related to user retention and conversion rate. PHP is a commonly used back-end development language, and PHP-FPM is the abbreviation of PHP FastCGI Process Manager, which is a choice of PHP running mode. This article will detail how to improve the response time and throughput of the website by optimizing PHP-FPM, while providing specific code examples.

1. Optimize PHP-FPM configuration

1. Adjust process pool settings
   PHP-FPM uses process pools to manage requests. Properly adjusting process pool settings can improve performance.
   a. max_children: Specifies the maximum number of child processes in each process pool. Adjust this value appropriately based on the server's performance and load. You can use the command "pm.max_children = 50" to set the maximum number of child processes to 50.
   b. start_servers: Specifies the number of child processes when the process pool is started. Choose a reasonable value based on the load of the server. You can use the command "pm.start_servers = 10" to set the number of child processes at startup to 10.
2. Adjust connection pool settings
   The connection pool is used by PHP-FPM to manage the connection with the web server (such as Nginx). By adjusting the connection pool settings, you can improve the performance of your connection.
   a. pm.max_requests: Specifies the maximum number of requests processed by each child process. Once the number of requests processed by the child process reaches this value, it will be shut down and restarted. This avoids memory leaks caused by long-running processes. You can use the command "pm.max_requests = 10000" to set the maximum number of requests processed by each child process to 10000.
   b. request_terminate_timeout: Specify the timeout for processing requests. If a request is not processed beyond this time, it will be forcibly terminated. You can use the command "request_terminate_timeout = 60s" to set the timeout for processing requests to 60 seconds.

2. Code optimization

1. Cache data
   Using cache can reduce the frequency of access to resources such as databases, thereby improving performance. The following is a simple sample code that uses Memcached as a cache:

   <?php
   $memcached = new Memcached();
   $memcached->addServer('localhost', 11211);
   
   $key = 'cache_key';
   $data = $memcached->get($key);
   if (!$data) {
    $data = fetchDataFromDatabase();
    $memcached->set($key, $data, 60);
   }
   
   // 使用$data进行其他操作
   ?>

2. Reasonable use of database
   The database is an important part of the website, and reasonable use of the database can improve performance. The following is a simple sample code that uses PDO for database operations and enables preprocessing:

   <?php
   $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test';
   $user = 'username';
   $password = 'password';
   $options = array(
    PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false, // 禁用准备好的语句的模拟
    PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION // 启用错误处理
   );
   
   $pdo = new PDO($dsn, $user, $password, $options);
   
   $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = :id');
   $stmt->bindValue(':id', $id, PDO::PARAM_INT);
   $stmt->execute();
   
   $data = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
   ?>

3. Optimize code performance

1. Reduce IO Operation
   IO operation is one of the performance bottlenecks. Reducing IO operations can improve code execution efficiency. The following is a simple sample code that uses file caching to reduce frequent calls to the database:

   <?php
   $cacheFile = 'cache.txt';
   
   if (file_exists($cacheFile) && time() - filemtime($cacheFile) < 60) {
    $data = file_get_contents($cacheFile);
   } else {
    $data = fetchDataFromDatabase();
    file_put_contents($cacheFile, $data);
   }
   
   // 使用$data进行其他操作
   ?>

2. Avoid repeated queries in loops
   Repeated queries in loops will greatly reduce performance , you can avoid repeated queries by caching the query results. The following is a simple sample code that uses an array to cache query results:

   <?php
   $query = 'SELECT * FROM products';
   $result = array();
   
   foreach ($pdo->query($query) as $row) {
    if (isset($result[$row['key']])) {
        $result[$row['key']][] = $row;
    } else {
        $result[$row['key']] = array($row);
    }
   }
   
   // 使用$result进行其他操作
   ?>

Conclusion:
By optimizing the configuration of PHP-FPM, rational use of cache and database, and optimizing code performance , we can greatly improve the response time and throughput of the website. In actual applications, it is necessary to adjust the configuration according to the performance and load of the server, use appropriate caching mechanisms and database operation methods, and avoid unnecessary IO operations and repeated queries.

Reference:

• PHP-FPM documentation: http://php.net/manual/en/install.fpm.php
• PHP documentation: http ://php.net/manual/en/index.php

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