LAMP 架构的网站,我以前注重的多是安装/配置方面的,讲述开发的相对较少,因为自己从事开发也少。本文的原文当然也来自:
Published on The O'Reilly Network (http://www.oreillynet.com/)
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/onlamp/2002/04/04/webdb.html
看了以后,颇有启发,以前开发中遇到的一些问题,迎刃而解。所以翻译出来和大家共享。
1. PHP 中数组的使用
在操作数据库时,使用关联数组(associatively-indexed arrays)十分有帮助,下面我们看一个基本的数字格式的数组遍历:
$temp[0] = "richmond";
$temp[1] = "tigers";
$temp[2] = "premiers";
for($x=0;$x
{
echo $temp[$x];
echo " ";
}
?>
然而另外一种更加节省代码的方式是:
$temp = array("richmond", "tigers", "premiers");
foreach ($temp as $element)
echo "$element ";
?>
foreach 还能输出文字下标:
$temp = array("club" => "richmond",
"nickname" =>"tigers",
"aim" => "premiers");
foreach ($temp as $key => $value)
echo "$key : $value ";
?>
PHP 手册中描述了大约 50 个用于处理数组的函数。
2. 在 PHP 字符串中加入变量
这个很简单的:
$temp = "hello"
echo "$temp world";
?>
但是需要说明的是,尽管下面的例子没有错误:
$temp = array("one" => 1, "two" => 2);
// 输出:: The first element is 1
echo "The first element is $temp[one].";
?>
但是如果后面那个 echo 语句没有双引号引起来的话,就要报错,因此建议使用花括号:
$temp = array("one" => 1, "two" => 2);
echo "The first element is {$temp["one"]}.";
?>
3. 采用关联数组存取查询结果
看下面的例子:
$connection = mysql_connect("localhost", "albert", "shhh");
mysql_select_db("winestore", $connection);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT cust_id, surname,
firstname FROM customer", $connection);
while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo "ID:\t{$row["cust_id"]}\n";
echo "Surname\t{$row["surname"]}\n";
echo "First name:\t{$row["firstname"]}\n\n";
}
?>
函数 mysql_fetch_array() 把查询结果的一行放入数组,可以同时用两种方式引用,例如 cust_id 可以同时用下面两种方式:$row["cust_id"] 或者$row[0] 。显然,前者的可读性要比后者好多了。
在多表连查中,如果两个列名字一样,最好用别名分开:
SELECT winery.name AS wname,
region.name AS rname,
FROM winery, region
WHERE winery.region_id = region.region_id;
列名的引用为:$row["wname"] 和 $row["rname"]。
在指定表名和列名的情况下,只引用列名:
SELECT winery.region_id
FROM winery
列名的引用为: $row["region_id"]。
聚集函数的引用就是引用名:
SELECT count(*)
FROM customer;
列名的引用为: $row["count(*)"]。
4. 注意常见的 PHP bug
常见的 PHP 纠错问题是:
No page rendered by the Web browser when much more is expected
A pop-up dialog stating that the "Document Contains No Data"
A partial page when more is expected
出现这些情况的大多数原因并不在于脚本的逻辑,而是 HTML 中存在的 bug 或者脚本生成的 HTML 的 bug 。例如缺少类似
, , 之类的关闭 Tag,页面就不能刷新。解决这个问题的办法就是,查看 HTML 的源代码。
对于复杂的,不能查到原因的页面,可以通过 W3C 的页面校验程序 http://validator.w3.org/ 来分析。
如果没有定义变量,或者变量定义错误也会让程序变得古怪。例如下面的死循环:
for($counter=0; $countermyFunction();
?>
变量 $Counter 在增加,而 $counter 永远小于 10。这类错误一般都能通过设置较高的错误报告级别来找到:
error_reporting(E_ALL);
for($counter=0; $countermyFunction();
?>
5. 采用 header() 函数处理单部件查询
在很多 Web 数据库应用中,一些功能往往让用户点击一个连接后,继续停留在当前页面,这样的工作我叫它“单部件查询”。
下面是一个叫做 calling.php 的脚本:
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd" >
Click here!
当用户点击上面的连接时,就去调用 action.php。下面是 action.php 的源码:
// 数据库功能
// 重定向
header("Location: $HTTP_REFERER");
exit;
?>
这里有两个常见的错误需要提醒一下:
调用 header() 函数后要包含一个 exit 语句让脚本停止,否则后续的脚本可能会在头发送前输出。
header() 函数常见的一个错误是:
Warning: Cannot add header information - headers already sent...
header() 函数只能在 HTML 输出之前被调用,因此你需要检查 php 前面可能存在的空行,空格等等。
6. reload 的问题及其解决
我以前在写 PHP 程序时,经常碰到页面刷新时,数据库多处理一次的情况。
我们来看 addcust.php:
$query = "INSERT INTO customer
SET surname = $surname,
firstname = $firstname";
$connection = mysql_connect("localhost", "fred", "shhh");
mysql_select_db("winestore", $connection);
$result = mysql_query($query, $connection);
?>
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd" >
I've inserted the customer for you.
?>
假设我们用下面的连接使用这个程序:
http://www.freelamp.com/addcust.php?surname=Smith&firstname=Fred
如果这个请求只提交一次,OK ,不会有问题,但是如果多次刷新,你就会有多条记录插入。
这个问题可以通过 header() 函数解决:下面是新版本的 addcust.php:
$query = "INSERT INTO customer
SET surname = $surname,
firstname = $firstname";
$connection = mysql_connect("localhost", "fred", "shhh");
mysql_select_db("winestore", $connection);
$result = mysql_query($query, $connection);
header("Location: cust_receipt.php");
?>
这个脚本把浏览器重定向到一个新的页面:cust_receipt.php:
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd" >
I've inserted the customer for you.
这样,原来的页面继续刷新也没有副作用了。
7. 巧用锁机制来提高应用性能
如果我们要紧急运行一个报表,那么,我们可以对表加写锁,防治别人读写,来提高对这个表的处理速度。
8. 用 mysql_unbuffered_query() 开发快速的脚本
这个函数能用来替换 mysql_query() 函数,主要的区别就是 mysql_unbuffered_query() 执行完查询后马上返回,不需要等待或者对数据库加锁。
但是返回的行数不能用mysql_num_rows() 函数来检查,因为输出的结果集大小未知。

What’s still popular is the ease of use, flexibility and a strong ecosystem. 1) Ease of use and simple syntax make it the first choice for beginners. 2) Closely integrated with web development, excellent interaction with HTTP requests and database. 3) The huge ecosystem provides a wealth of tools and libraries. 4) Active community and open source nature adapts them to new needs and technology trends.

PHP and Python are both high-level programming languages that are widely used in web development, data processing and automation tasks. 1.PHP is often used to build dynamic websites and content management systems, while Python is often used to build web frameworks and data science. 2.PHP uses echo to output content, Python uses print. 3. Both support object-oriented programming, but the syntax and keywords are different. 4. PHP supports weak type conversion, while Python is more stringent. 5. PHP performance optimization includes using OPcache and asynchronous programming, while Python uses cProfile and asynchronous programming.

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

PHP remains important in the modernization process because it supports a large number of websites and applications and adapts to development needs through frameworks. 1.PHP7 improves performance and introduces new features. 2. Modern frameworks such as Laravel, Symfony and CodeIgniter simplify development and improve code quality. 3. Performance optimization and best practices further improve application efficiency.

PHPhassignificantlyimpactedwebdevelopmentandextendsbeyondit.1)ItpowersmajorplatformslikeWordPressandexcelsindatabaseinteractions.2)PHP'sadaptabilityallowsittoscaleforlargeapplicationsusingframeworkslikeLaravel.3)Beyondweb,PHPisusedincommand-linescrip

PHP type prompts to improve code quality and readability. 1) Scalar type tips: Since PHP7.0, basic data types are allowed to be specified in function parameters, such as int, float, etc. 2) Return type prompt: Ensure the consistency of the function return value type. 3) Union type prompt: Since PHP8.0, multiple types are allowed to be specified in function parameters or return values. 4) Nullable type prompt: Allows to include null values and handle functions that may return null values.


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