SQL using C/C++ and SQLite

In this section, you will learn how to use SQLite in C/C programs.

Installation

Before you start using SQLite in a C/C program, you need to make sure that the SQLite library is set up on your computer. You can view the SQLite installation chapter to understand the installation process.

C/C Interface API

The following are important C/C SQLite interface routines that can meet your requirements for using SQLite databases from your C/C program. If you are looking for a more complex application, then you can check out the SQLite official documentation.

Serial number	API and description
1	sqlite3_open(const char *filename, sqlite3 **ppDb) This routine opens a connection to a SQLite database file and returns a database connection object for use by other SQLite routines. If the filename parameter is NULL or ':memory:', sqlite3_open() will create an in-memory database in RAM that lasts only for the duration of the session. If the file name is not NULL, sqlite3_open() attempts to open the database file using its value. If a file with that name does not exist, sqlite3_open() will open a new database file with that name.
2	sqlite3_exec(sqlite3*, const char *sql, sqlite_callback, void *data, char **errmsg) This routine provides a quick and easy way to execute SQL commands provided with the sql parameter, which can Contains multiple SQL commands. Here, the first parameter sqlite3 is an open database object, sqlite_callback is a callback, where data is the first parameter, and errmsg will be returned to Catch any errors raised by the routine. The SQLite3_exec () routine parses and executes each command given in the sql argument until the end of the string is reached or an error is encountered.
3	sqlite3_close(sqlite3*) This routine closes a database connection that was previously opened by calling sqlite3_open(). All prepared statements related to the connection should be completed before closing the connection. If any queries are still outstanding, sqlite3_close() will return SQLITE_BUSY and display the error message Unable to close due to unfinished statements.

Connecting to a database

The following C code snippet shows how to connect to an existing database. If the database does not exist, create the database and finally return the database object.

Sample Code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sqlite3.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zErrMsg = 0;
   int rc;
   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);
   if( rc ) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Can&#39;t open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      return(0);
   } else {
      fprintf(stderr, "Opened database successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
}

Output

$gcc test.c -l sqlite3
$./a.out
Opened database successfully

Create Table

The following C code snippet will be used to create a table in the previously created database-

Sample code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sqlite3.h>
static int callback(void *NotUsed, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName) {
   int i;
   for(i = 0; i<argc; i++) {
      printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL");
   }
   printf("\n");
   return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zErrMsg = 0;
   int rc;
   char *sql;
   /* Open database */
   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);
   if( rc ) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Can&#39;t open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      return(0);
   } else {
      fprintf(stdout, "Opened database successfully\n");
   }
   /* Create SQL statement */
   sql = "CREATE TABLE COMPANY(" \
      "ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL," \
      "NAME TEXT NOT NULL," \
      "AGE INT NOT NULL," \
      "ADDRESS CHAR(50)," \
      "SALARY REAL );";
   /* Execute SQL statement */
   rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, 0, &zErrMsg);
   if( rc != SQLITE_OK ) {
      fprintf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
   } else {
      fprintf(stdout, "Table created successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
   return 0;
}

Output (check database file status):

-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9567 May 8 02:31 a.out
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1207 May 8 02:31 test.c
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3072 May 8 02:31 test.db

Insert operation

The following C code snippet shows how to create the COMPANY table in the above example Creating a Record in –

Sample Code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sqlite3.h>
static int callback(void *NotUsed, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName) {
   int i;
   for(i = 0; i<argc; i++) {
      printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL");
   }
   printf("\n");
   return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zErrMsg = 0;
   int rc;
   char *sql;
   /* Open database */
   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);
   if( rc ) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Can&#39;t open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      return(0);
   } else {
      fprintf(stderr, "Opened database successfully\n");
   }
   /* Create SQL statement */
   sql = "INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) " \
      "VALUES (1, &#39;Paul&#39;, 32, &#39;California&#39;, 20000.00 ); " \
      "INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) " \
      "VALUES (2, &#39;Allen&#39;, 25, &#39;Texas&#39;, 15000.00 ); " \
      "INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)" \
      "VALUES (3, &#39;Teddy&#39;, 23, &#39;Norway&#39;, 20000.00 );" \
      "INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)" \
      "VALUES (4, &#39;Mark&#39;, 25, &#39;Rich-Mond &#39;, 65000.00 );";
   /* Execute SQL statement */
   rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, 0, &zErrMsg);
   if( rc != SQLITE_OK ) {
      fprintf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
   } else {
      fprintf(stdout, "Records created successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
   return 0;
}

Output

Opened database successfully
Records created successfully

SELECT Action

Before moving on to the actual example of getting a record, let’s look at a related example Some details on the callback functions used in . This callback provides a way to obtain results from a SELECT statement. It has the following statement – ​​

typedef int (*sqlite3_callback)(
   void*, /* Data provided in the 4th argument of sqlite3_exec() */
   int, /* The number of columns in row */
   char**, /* An array of strings representing fields in the row */
   char** /* An array of strings representing column names */
);

If the above callback is provided as the third parameter in the sqlite_exec() routine, SQLite will call this callback for every record processed in every SELECT statement executed within the SQL parameter function.

The following C code snippet shows how to get and display records from the COMPANY table created in the above example –

Sample code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sqlite3.h>
static int callback(void *data, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName) {
   int i;
   fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", (const char*)data);
   for(i = 0; i<argc; i++) {
      printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL");
   }
   printf("\n");
   return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   sqlite3 *db;
   char *zErrMsg = 0;
   int rc;
   char *sql;
   const char* data = "Callback function called";
   /* Open database */
   rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db);
   if( rc ) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Can&#39;t open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
      return(0);
   } else {
      fprintf(stderr, "Opened database successfully\n");
   }
   /* Create SQL statement */
   sql = "SELECT * from COMPANY";
   /* Execute SQL statement */
   rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, (void*)data, &zErrMsg);
   if( rc != SQLITE_OK ) {
      fprintf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
   } else {
      fprintf(stdout, "Operation done successfully\n");
   }
   sqlite3_close(db);
   return 0;
}

Output

Opened database successfully
Callback function called: ID = 1
NAME = Paul
AGE = 32
ADDRESS = California
SALARY = 20000.0
Callback function called: ID = 2
NAME = Allen
AGE = 25
ADDRESS = Texas
SALARY = 15000.0
Callback function called: ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
AGE = 23
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY = 20000.0
Callback function called: ID = 4
NAME = Mark
AGE = 25
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY = 65000.0
Operation done successfully

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