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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP Tutorial用 PHP V4 开发的代码迁移到 PHP V5_PHP

    使用 PHP V5 的新语言特性,可以明显地提高代码的可维护性和可靠性。通过阅读本文,您将了解如何利用这些新特性将用 PHP V4 开发的代码迁移到 PHP V5.

    PHP V5 在 PHP V4 基础上做了重大改进。新语言特性使构建可靠的类库和维护类库更加容易。另外,重写标准库帮助使 PHP 更符合其同一 Web 语系,例如 Java? 编程语言。让我们来看一些 PHP 新的面向对象特性,并了解如何将现有 PHP V4 代码迁移到 PHP V5.

    首先,先来了解新语言特性及 PHP 的创建程序怎样更改了用 PHP V4 创建对象的方法。用 V5 的想法是要创建一种工业级语言用于 Web 应用程序开发。那意味着要了解 PHP V4 的限制,然后从其他语言中 (例如 Java、C#、C++、Ruby 和 Perl 语言) 抽取已知优秀语言架构并将这些架构并入 PHP 中。

    第一个也是最重要的新特性是针对类的方法和实例变量的访问保护 —— public、protected 和 private 关键字。 这个新特性使类设计人员可以保证对类的内在特性的控制,同时告诉类的使用者哪些类可以而哪些类不可以触及。

    在 PHP V4 中,所有代码都是 public 的。在 PHP V5 中,类设计人员可以声明哪些代码是对外部可见的 (public) 而哪些代码仅对类内部可见 (private) 或仅对类的子类可见 (protected)。如果没有这些访问控制,则在大型团队中开发代码或将代码分布为库的工作会受阻,因为那些类的使用者很可能使用错误的方法或访问应当为 private 成员变量的代码。

    另一个较大的新功能是关键字 interface 和 abstract,这两个关键字允许进行契约编程。契约编程 意味着一个类向另一个类提供一张契约 —— 换言之: “这是我要做的工作,你不需要知道它是怎样完成的”。 实现 interface 的所有类都遵循该契约。interface 的所有使用者都同意仅使用 interface 中指定的方法。abstract 关键字使得使用接口十分容易,我稍后将加以说明。

    这两个主要特性 —— 访问控制和契约编程 —— 允许大型编码人员团队更顺畅地使用大型代码库。这些特性还使 IDE 可以提供更丰富的语言智能特性集。本文不但说明了若干个迁移问题,而且还花了一些时间说明如何使用这些新主要语言特性。

    访问控制

    为了演示新语言特性,我使用了一个名为 Configuration 的类。这个简单的类中含有用于 Web 应用程序的配置项 —— 例如,指向图片目录的路径。在理想的情况下,此信息将驻存在一个文件或数据库里。清单 1 显示了一个简化的版本。

 

清单 1. access.php4

<?php
class Configuration
{
  var $_items = array();
  function Configuration() {
    $this->_items[ 'imgpath' ] = 'images';
  }
  function get( $key ) {
    return $this->_items[ $key ];
  }
}
$c = new Configuration();
echo( $c->get( 'imgpath' )."\n" );
?>
            

    这是一个完全正统的 PHP V4 类。成员变量保存配置项的列表,构造程序装入项,然后名为 <font face="新宋体">get()</font> 的访问方法返回项的值。

运行脚本后,以下代码将显示在命令行中:

% php access.php4
images
%
            

很好!这个结果意味着代码运行正常并且正常设定和读取了 <font face="新宋体">imgpath</font> 配置项的值。

    将这个类转换为 PHP V5 的第一步是要将构造程序重命名。在 PHP V5 中,初始化对象 (构造程序) 的方法称为 <font face="新宋体">__construct</font>。这次小改动如下所示。


清单 2. access1.php5
<?php
class Configuration
{
  var $_items = array();
  function __construct() {
    $this->_items[ 'imgpath' ] = 'images';
  }
  function get( $key ) {
    return $this->_items[ $key ];
  }
}
$c = new Configuration();
echo( $c->get( 'imgpath' )."\n" );
?>
            

     这次改动并不大。只是移至 PHP V5 约定。下一步是添加对类的访问控制以确保类的使用者无法直接读写 <font face="新宋体">$_items</font> 成员变量。这次改动如下所示。


清单 3. access2.php5
<?php
class Configuration
{
  private $_items = array();
  public function __construct() {
    $this->_items[ 'imgpath' ] = 'images';
  }
  public function get( $key ) {
    return $this->_items[ $key ];
  }
}
$c = new Configuration();
echo( $c->get( 'imgpath' )."\n" );
?>
            

 

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