Commonly used data structures and algorithms in the Linux kernel

# Data structures and algorithms are widely used in Linux kernel code, the two most commonly used ones are linked lists and red-black trees.

Linked list

Linux kernel code makes extensive use of the linked list data structure. The linked list is a data structure created to solve the problem that arrays cannot be dynamically expanded. Elements contained in linked lists can be dynamically created and inserted and deleted. Each element of the linked list is stored discretely, so it does not need to occupy continuous memory. A linked list usually consists of several nodes. The structure of each node is the same and consists of two parts: a valid data area and a pointer area. The valid data area is used to store valid data information, and the pointer area is used to point to the predecessor node or successor node of the linked list. Therefore, a linked list is a storage structure that uses pointers to connect nodes in series.

(1) One-way linked list

The pointer area of ​​the one-way linked list only contains a pointer to the next node, so a single-directional linked list will be formed, as follows The code is shown.

struct list {
    int data;   /*有效数据*/
    struct list *next; /*指向下一个元素的指针*/
};

As shown in the figure, the one-way linked list has one-way mobility, that is, it can only access the successor nodes of the current node, but cannot access the predecessor nodes of the current node, so it can be used in actual projects. a bit less.

One-way chain representation intention

(2) Doubly linked list

As shown in the figure, the doubly linked list and The difference between a one-way linked list is that the pointer area contains two pointers, one pointing to the predecessor node and the other pointing to the successor node, as shown in the following code.

struct list {
    int data;   /*有效数据*/
    struct list *next; /*指向下一个元素的指针*/
    struct list *prev; /*指向上一个元素的指针*/
};

Two-way chain representation intention

(3)Linux kernel linked list implementation

One-way linked list and two-way linked list There are some limitations in actual use, such as the data area must be fixed data, but actual needs are diverse. This method cannot build a universal set of linked lists, because each different data area requires a set of linked lists. To this end, the Linux kernel extracts the common parts of all linked list operation methods and leaves the different parts to the code programmers. The Linux kernel implements a set of pure linked list encapsulation. The linked list node data structure only has a pointer area but no data area. It also encapsulates various operation functions, such as creating node functions, inserting node functions, deleting node functions, traversing node functions, etc.

The Linux kernel linked list is described using the struct list_head data structure.

struct list_head {
    struct list_head *next, *prev;
};

struct list_head数据结构不包含链表节点的数据区，通常是嵌入其他数据结构，如struct page数据结构中嵌入了一个lru链表节点，通常是把page数据结构挂入LRU链表。

struct page {
    ...
    struct list_head lru;
    ...
}

链表头的初始化有两种方法，一种是静态初始化，另一种动态初始化。

把next和prev指针都初始化并指向自己，这样便初始化了一个带头节点的空链表。

/*静态初始化*/
#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { &(name), &(name) }

#define LIST_HEAD(name) \
    struct list_head name = LIST_HEAD_INIT(name)

/*动态初始化*/
static inline void INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list)
{
    list->next = list;
    list->prev = list;
}

添加节点到一个链表中，内核提供了几个接口函数，如list_add()是把一个节点添加到表头，list_add_tail()是插入表尾。

void list_add(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)
list_add_tail(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)

遍历节点的接口函数。

#define list_for_each(pos, head) \
for (pos = (head)->next; pos != (head); pos = pos->next)

这个宏只是遍历一个一个节点的当前位置，那么如何获取节点本身的数据结构呢？这里还需要使用list_entry()宏。

#define list_entry(ptr, type, member) \
    container_of(ptr, type, member)
container_of()宏的定义在kernel.h头文件中。
#define container_of(ptr, type, member) ({            \
    const typeof( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr);    \
    (type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) );})

#define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER)

其中offsetof()宏是通过把0地址转换为type类型的指针，然后去获取该结构体中member成员的指针，也就是获取了member在type结构体中的偏移量。最后用指针ptr减去offset，就得到type结构体的真实地址了。

下面是遍历链表的一个例子。

static ssize_t class_osdblk_list(struct class *c,
                struct class_attribute *attr,
                char *data)
{
    int n = 0;
    struct list_head *tmp;

    list_for_each(tmp, &osdblkdev_list) {
        struct osdblk_device *osdev;

        osdev = list_entry(tmp, struct osdblk_device, node);

        n += sprintf(data+n, "%d %d %llu %llu %s\n",
            osdev->id,
            osdev->major,
            osdev->obj.partition,
            osdev->obj.id,
            osdev->osd_path);
    }
    return n;
}

红黑树

红黑树（Red Black Tree）被广泛应用在内核的内存管理和进程调度中，用于将排序的元素组织到树中。红黑树被广泛应用在计算机科学的各个领域中，它在速度和实现复杂度之间提供一个很好的平衡。

红黑树是具有以下特征的二叉树。

每个节点或红或黑。

• 每个叶节点是黑色的。
• 如果结点都是红色，那么两个子结点都是黑色。
• 从一个内部结点到叶结点的简单路径上，对所有叶节点来说，黑色结点的数目都是相同的。

红黑树的一个优点是，所有重要的操作（例如插入、删除、搜索）都可以在O(log n)时间内完成，n为树中元素的数目。经典的算法教科书都会讲解红黑树的实现，这里只是列出一个内核中使用红黑树的例子，供读者在实际的驱动和内核编程中参考。这个例子可以在内核代码的documentation/Rbtree.txt文件中找到。

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 

MODULE_AUTHOR("figo.zhang");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION(" ");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

  struct mytype { 
     struct rb_node node;
     int key; 
};

/*红黑树根节点*/
 struct rb_root mytree = RB_ROOT;
/*根据key来查找节点*/
struct mytype *my_search(struct rb_root *root, int new)
  {
     struct rb_node *node = root->rb_node;

     while (node) {
          struct mytype *data = container_of(node, struct mytype, node);

          if (data->key > new)
               node = node->rb_left;
          else if (data->key < new)
               node = node->rb_right;
          else
               return data;
     }
     return NULL;
  }

/*插入一个元素到红黑树中*/
  int my_insert(struct rb_root *root, struct mytype *data)
  {
     struct rb_node **new = &(root->rb_node), *parent=NULL;

     /* 寻找可以添加新节点的地方 */
     while (*new) {
          struct mytype *this = container_of(*new, struct mytype, node);

          parent = *new;
          if (this->key > data->key)
               new = &((*new)->rb_left);
          else if (this->key < data->key) {
               new = &((*new)->rb_right);
          } else
               return -1;
     }

     /* 添加一个新节点 */
     rb_link_node(&data->node, parent, new);
     rb_insert_color(&data->node, root);

     return 0;
  }

static int __init my_init(void)
{
     int i;
     struct mytype *data;
     struct rb_node *node;

     /*插入元素*/
     for (i =0; i < 20; i+=2) {
          data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct mytype), GFP_KERNEL);
          data->key = i;
          my_insert(&mytree, data);
     }

     /*遍历红黑树，打印所有节点的key值*/
      for (node = rb_first(&mytree); node; node = rb_next(node)) 
          printk("key=%d\n", rb_entry(node, struct mytype, node)->key);

     return 0;
}

static void __exit my_exit(void)
{
     struct mytype *data;
     struct rb_node *node;
     for (node = rb_first(&mytree); node; node = rb_next(node)) {
          data = rb_entry(node, struct mytype, node);
          if (data) {
                rb_erase(&data->node, &mytree);
                kfree(data);
          }
     }
}
module_init(my_init);
module_exit(my_exit);

mytree是红黑树的根节点，my_insert()实现插入一个元素到红黑树中，my_search()根据key来查找节点。内核大量使用红黑树，如虚拟地址空间VMA的管理。

无锁环形缓冲区

生产者和消费者模型是计算机编程中最常见的一种模型。生产者产生数据，而消费者消耗数据，如一个网络设备，硬件设备接收网络包，然后应用程序读取网络包。环形缓冲区是实现生产者和消费者模型的经典算法。环形缓冲区通常有一个读指针和一个写指针。读指针指向环形缓冲区中可读的数据，写指针指向环形缓冲区可写的数据。通过移动读指针和写指针实现缓冲区数据的读取和写入。

在Linux内核中，KFIFO是采用无锁环形缓冲区的实现。FIFO的全称是“First In First Out”，即先进先出的数据结构，它采用环形缓冲区的方法来实现，并提供一个无边界的字节流服务。采用环形缓冲区的好处是，当一个数据元素被消耗之后，其余数据元素不需要移动其存储位置，从而减少复制，提高效率。

（1）创建KFIFO

在使用KFIFO之前需要进行初始化，这里有静态初始化和动态初始化两种方式。

int kfifo_alloc(fifo, size, gfp_mask)

该函数创建并分配一个大小为size的KFIFO环形缓冲区。第一个参数fifo是指向该环形缓冲区的struct kfifo数据结构；第二个参数size是指定缓冲区元素的数量；第三个参数gfp_mask表示分配KFIFO元素使用的分配掩码。

静态分配可以使用如下的宏。

#define DEFINE_KFIFO(fifo, type, size)
#define INIT_KFIFO(fifo)

（2）入列

把数据写入KFIFO环形缓冲区可以使用kfifo_in()函数接口。

int kfifo_in(fifo, buf, n)

该函数把buf指针指向的n个数据复制到KFIFO环形缓冲区中。第一个参数fifo指的是KFIFO环形缓冲区；第二个参数buf指向要复制的数据的buffer；第三个数据是要复制数据元素的数量。

（3）出列

从KFIFO环形缓冲区中列出或者摘取数据可以使用kfifo_out()函数接口。

#define    kfifo_out(fifo, buf, n)

该函数是从fifo指向的环形缓冲区中复制n个数据元素到buf指向的缓冲区中。如果KFIFO环形缓冲区的数据元素小于n个，那么复制出去的数据元素小于n个。

（4）获取缓冲区大小

KFIFO提供了几个接口函数来查询环形缓冲区的状态。

#define kfifo_size(fifo)
#define kfifo_len(fifo)
#define kfifo_is_empty(fifo)
#define kfifo_is_full(fifo)

kfifo_size()用来获取环形缓冲区的大小，也就是最大可以容纳多少个数据元素。kfifo_len()用来获取当前环形缓冲区中有多少个有效数据元素。kfifo_is_empty()判断环形缓冲区是否为空。kfifo_is_full()判断环形缓冲区是否为满。

（5）与用户空间数据交互

KFIFO还封装了两个函数与用户空间数据交互。

#define    kfifo_from_user(fifo, from, len, copied)
#define    kfifo_to_user(fifo, to, len, copied)

kfifo_from_user()是把from指向的用户空间的len个数据元素复制到KFIFO中，最后一个参数copied表示成功复制了几个数据元素。

kfifo_to_user()On the contrary, copy the data elements of KFIFO to user space. These two macros combine the copy_to_user(), copy_from_user() and KFIFO mechanisms to provide convenience for driver developers.

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