从2000年10月20日发布的第一个Windows版的PHP3.0.17开始的都是线程安全的版本，这是由于与Linux/Unix系统是采用 多进程的工作方式不同的是Windows系统是采用多线程的工作方式。如果在IIS下以CGI方式运行PHP会非常慢，这是由于CGI模式是建立在多进程 的基础之上的，而非多线程。一般我们会把PHP配置成以ISAPI的方式来运行，ISAPI是多线程的方式，这样就快多了。但存在一个问题，很多常用的 PHP扩展是以Linux/Unix的多进程思想来开发的，这些扩展在ISAPI的方式运行时就会出错搞垮IIS。而用线程安全版本的话顶多只是搞跨某个 线程，而不会影响到整个IIS的安全。
当然在IIS下CGI模式才是 PHP运行的最安全方式，但CGI模式对于每个HTTP请求都需要重新加载和卸载整个PHP环境，其消耗是巨大的。为了兼顾IIS下PHP的效率和安全， 有人给出了FastCGI的解决方案。FastCGI可以让PHP的进程重复利用而不是每一个新的请求就重开一个进程。同时FastCGI也可以允许几个 进程同时执行。这样既解决了CGI进程模式消耗太大的问题，又利用上了CGI进程模式不存在线程安全问题的优势。
因此，如果是使用ISAPI的方式来运行PHP就必须用Thread Safe(线程安全)的版本；而用FastCGI模式运行PHP的话就没有必要用线程安全检查了，用None Thread Safe(NTS，非线程安全)的版本能够更好的提高效率。
因此，如果是使用ISAPI的方式来运行PHP就必须用Thread Safe(线程安全)的版本；而用FastCGI模式运行PHP的话就没有必要用线程安全检查了，用None Thread Safe(NTS，非线程安全)的版本能够更好的提高效率。
附：德问相关问题摘录
下载PHP安装文件时，我看到有两种不同的二进制文件，像是非线程安全（Non Thread Safe）和线程安全（Thread Safe），比如该页面所列：http://windows.php.net/download/。这个是什么意思，之间有什么区别？
这个主要是针对web server 而言，在windows环境下，如果你使用的web server 是apchae 或者 iis 7以下版本，则应该选择线程安全的安装文件，而如果你使用Fast-cgi模式时，可以选择非线程安全，因为 web sever 本身能保证线程安全。
当然还有二进制文件编译时所使用的编译器：vc9 (vs系列) vc6(gcc)
如楼上所言，是针对web server的，部分web server在处理应用请求的时候是用多线程而非多进程的方式处理，线程方式因为涉及到共享寄存器和内存，所以很容易出错，这个时候程序就需要花一些额外的经历去处理寄存器中的数据一致性，即保证线程安全。
所以是否采用线程安全主要看你的web server所采用的PHP请求处理方式，如果是多线程处理，那么请选择线程安全的，否则选择非线程安全的，如楼上所说Fast-cgi方式可选择非线程安全的
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