The practice of go-zero and Kubernetes: building a containerized microservice architecture with high availability, high performance, and high scalability

With the continuous expansion of the scale of the Internet and the increasing needs of users, the advantages of microservice architecture have received more and more attention. Subsequently, the containerized microservice architecture has become particularly important, which can better meet the needs of high availability, high performance, high scalability and other aspects. Under this trend, go-zero and Kubernetes have become the most popular containerized microservice frameworks.

This article will introduce how to use the go-zero framework and Kubernetes container orchestration tools to build a high-availability, high-performance, and high-scalability containerized microservice architecture. First, let us briefly understand the basic concepts of go-zero and Kubernetes.

go-zero is a microservice framework developed based on Golang. It has the advantages of lightweight, high performance, simplicity and ease of use. It features support for automatic code generation, integration with a wide range of component libraries, and rapid construction of high-performance microservices.

Kubernetes is a portable, extensible, open source container orchestration tool. Its main functions include managing the deployment, scaling and operation and maintenance of containers, which can greatly simplify the containerization process of applications. Improve application management and maintenance efficiency.

Now we start to introduce how to combine these two tools to build a high-availability, high-performance, and high-scalability containerized microservice architecture.

Step One: Design a Microservice Application

Before using go-zero and Kubernetes to build a microservice application, you need to design the application first. Because a feature of the go-zero framework is the ability to automatically generate code based on input design specifications, the design specifications of the application need to be as clear as possible.

When designing an application, you can consider the following aspects:

1. Division of microservices: Divide the application into multiple microservices based on the business logic of the application.
2. Responsibilities of microservices: Determine the functions and responsibilities of each microservice.
3. Interface design: Define the interface of each microservice, including input, output, etc.
4. Database design: Design the database table structure required by the application.

Step 2: Use the go-zero framework to generate microservice code

The go-zero framework supports automatically generating gRPC-based microservice code based on the domain model, which can greatly reduce manual work The time and effort involved in writing code.

When choosing the go-zero framework for an application, you need to ensure that the application has the following characteristics:

1. Microservice communication based on gRPC: gRPC is a high-performance, cross-language, cross-platform The RPC framework of the platform is efficient, safe, and reliable.
2. Support declarative API design: define API specifications through Swagger2, generate API documents and SDK.
3. Automatic code generation: Automatically generate gRPC-based microservice code according to the domain model.

By using the goctl tool to generate microservice code, development efficiency can be greatly improved. Suppose we want to develop a microservice named order. The generated code command is as follows:

$ goctl api new -o order

The generated file structure is as follows:

order
├── api
│   └── order.api
├── etc
└── internal
    ├── config
    │   └── config.go
    └── logic
        ├── orderlogic.go
        └── orderlogic_test.go

Among them, order.api defines the API specification of the microservice, orderlogic.go implements the business logic of the order microservice, and config.go defines the configuration information of the microservice.

Step 3: Containerize microservices

Containerizing microservices is a necessary process to deploy go-zero applications to Kubernetes clusters. Containerized applications can be deployed and managed more flexibly, scalably and efficiently. Next we will create a container image for the order microservice.

1. Create a Dockerfile file in the application root directory for building container images.

# 基于golang的官方镜像构建
FROM golang:1.13.8-alpine

# 在容器中创建一个工作目录
RUN mkdir -p /go/src/order
WORKDIR /go/src/order

# 将当前目录下的所有文件复制到容器中的 /go/src/order 目录下
COPY . /go/src/order

# 安装go-zero框架和依赖项
RUN cd /go/src/order && 
    go get -u github.com/tal-tech/go-zero && 
    go mod download

# 构建容器镜像
RUN cd /go/src/order && 
    CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo

# 启动容器时运行的命令
CMD ["/go/src/order/order"]

2. Build the container image

$ docker build -t order:v1.0.0 .

3. Run the container

$ docker run -d -p 8080:8080 order:v1.0.0

You can test the order micro through the curl command locally Whether the service is running correctly.

Step 4: Use Kubernetes to deploy microservices

Before using Kubernetes to deploy containerized microservices, you need to push the microservices to the Docker warehouse.

1. Push the image to Docker Hub

$ docker tag order:v1.0.0 <dockerhub-username>/order:v1.0.0
$ docker push <dockerhub-username>/order:v1.0.0

2. Create Deployment

Deployment is used to manage the replica set of the Pod and can control the Pod quantity, security upgrades, rollbacks, etc.

You can create a Deployment named order through the following Deployment YAML file.

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: order
spec:
  replicas: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: order
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: order
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: order
        image: <dockerhub-username>/order:v1.0.0
        imagePullPolicy: Always
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080

This file defines a Deployment named order, which includes the number of copies, container name, mirror address and other information.

3. Create Service

Service is used to route external network requests to the container corresponding to the Pod, and provides a static IP and DNS name for the Pod to access the Pod.

You can create a Service named order through the following Service YAML file.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: order
spec:
  selector:
    app: order
  ports:
  - name: http
    port: 8080
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 8080
  type: ClusterIP

This file defines a Service named order, which includes Service name, port settings, access protocol and other information.

4. Deploy the application

Execute the following command to deploy the application.

$ kubectl apply -f order.yaml

This command will read the Deployment and Service configuration information from the order.yaml file and create the corresponding Deployment and Service objects.

Then use the following command to check the status of the Pod.

$ kubectl get pod -l app=order

This command will display the running Pod list and status.

Step 5: Implement load balancing and automatic scaling

In order to improve the scalability and reliability of microservices, we need to implement automatic scaling and load balancing. In Kubernetes, Horizontal Pod Autoscaler and Service are used to implement these two functions.

1. 实现负载均衡

在使用Kubernetes部署微服务时，Service用于将外部网络请求路由到Pod对应的容器中，可以提供均衡负载的功能。可以使用loadBalancer配置实现负载均衡。

可以通过下面的Service YAML文件的loadBalancer配置实现负载均衡。

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: order
spec:
  selector:
    app: order
  ports:
  - name: http
    port: 8080
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 8080
  type: LoadBalancer

2. 实现自动伸缩

在Kubernetes中，使用Horizontal Pod Autoscaler（HPA）可以实现自动伸缩。HPA使用指标来监控Pod的CPU利用率和其他资源使用情况，并根据阈值进行自动扩展或缩小。

可以通过下面的HPA YAML文件来实现自动伸缩。

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta1
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: order
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: order
  minReplicas: 2
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 60

该文件定义了一个名为order的HPA，其中包括目标Deployment、最少Pod副本数、最多Pod副本数、监控指标等信息。

第六步：应用调试和监控

在微服务应用部署后，需要对应用进行调试和监控。这可以帮助检测和解决应用中出现的问题，并对应用进行优化调整。

对于go-zero框架，可以使用goctl工具生成API文档和Swagger接口文档。由于Swagger定义了API规范，因此可以使用Swagger UI来可视化展示API接口。

对于Kubernetes，可以使用Prometheus、Grafana和ELK等工具进行集群监控和日志分析。Kubernetes还支持Ingress对象来管理HTTP/HTTPS路由，可以用Ingress-Nginx实现日志收集和代理。

结论

go-zero与Kubernetes是构建容器化微服务架构的最佳组合之一，能够提供高可用性、高性能、高扩展性等优势。在实践中，需要进行应用设计、go-zero代码生成、容器化、Kubernetes部署、负载均衡和自动伸缩等步骤，并对应用进行调试和监控。通过这些步骤，可以构建出一个高度可靠、安全、高效的微服务应用程序。

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