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HomeJavajavaTutorialUsing Sharding-JDBC for data sharding in Java API development

With the continuous expansion of data scale, traditional single databases can no longer meet application needs and face problems such as performance bottlenecks and poor scalability. In order to solve these problems, sharding the data has become a good choice. Sharding-JDBC is an open source JDBC driver that provides functions such as data sharding and read-write separation. Using Sharding-JDBC for data sharding in Java API development is a very convenient, efficient and flexible choice.

1. What is data sharding

数据库分片(Sharding)是指将一个原本存储于单个数据库中的数据集合拆分成多个部分(分片),并分别存储于很多服务器中的行为,可以提升数据存储和查询的处理能力,降低单点故障的发生。一般来说,在对数据进行分片的时候,可以基于不同的分片规则(Sharding Rule),或者说使用不同的算法来进行分片。

2. Introduction to Sharding-JDBC

Sharding-JDBC 是一个基于 JDBC 实现的数据分片中间件。它使用了现代化架构的设计,具有高性能、高可用、易扩展几个特点,目前已经成为了开源社区中非常受欢迎的分库分表组件之一。Sharding-JDBC 可以实现对 SQL 透明切分、对分布式事务支持、对读写分离的支持等。

3. Use of Sharding-JDBC

如果想在 Java API 开发中使用 Sharding-JDBC 进行数据分片,可以按照以下步骤进行:

1.添加Maven依赖
    添加 Sharding-JDBC 的 Maven 依赖,如下:

    ```
    <dependency>
        <groupId>io.shardingjdbc</groupId>
        <artifactId>sharding-jdbc-core</artifactId>
        <version>${sharding-jdbc.version}</version>
    </dependency>      
    ```

2.配置分片规则
    在使用 Sharding-JDBC 进行数据分片的时候,需要配置相关的分片规则。可以通过 code 或者 yml 配置文件来进行配置。以下是配置文件的一个示例:

    ```
    spring:
      datasource:
        names: ds_0, ds_1
        ds_0:
          url: jdbc:mysql://192.168.10.0:3306/demo_ds_0?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&allowMultiQueries=true&serverTimezone=UTC&useSSL=false
          username: root
          password: xxxx
          driverClassName: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
        ds_1:
          url: jdbc:mysql://192.168.10.1:3306/demo_ds_1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&allowMultiQueries=true&serverTimezone=UTC&useSSL=false
          username: root
          password: xxxx
          driverClassName: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
    sharding:
      tables:
        user:
          actualDataNodes: ds_$->{0..1}.user_$->{0..3}
          tableStrategy:
            complex:
              shardingColumns: user_id,org_id
              algorithmClassName: com.example.algorithm.ModuloTableShardingAlgorithm
    ```

3.创建分片数据源
    配置好分片规则之后,需要在程序中创建分片数据源(ShardingDataSource),如下:

    ```
    @Bean
    public DataSource shardingDataSource() throws SQLException {
        DataSourceRule dataSourceRule = new DataSourceRule(createDataSourceMap());
        ShardingRule shardingRule = ShardingRule.builder()
                .dataSourceRule(dataSourceRule)
                .tableRules(Collections.singletonList(getUserTableRule()))
                .databaseShardingStrategy(new DatabaseShardingStrategy("org_id", new ModuloDatabaseShardingAlgorithm()))
                .tableShardingStrategy(new TableShardingStrategy("user_id,org_id", new ModuloTableShardingAlgorithm()))
                .build();
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("sql.show", "true");
        return new ShardingDataSource(shardingRule, properties);
    }
    ```

    这里需要注意的是,我们需要自己提供数据源(DataSource),可以使用 HikariCP 等第三方的数据源,在创建分片数据源的时候,将这些数据源定义为 DataSourceRule,并将其传递给 ShardingRule,就可以创建出分片数据源了。

4.使用分片数据源进行查询
    在程序中,可以使用 ShardingDataSource 进行数据的查询、插入等操作,如下:

    ```
    @Autowired
    private DataSource shardingDataSource;

    @Override
    public void insert(User user) {
        String sql = "INSERT INTO user (user_id, org_id, username, password) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";
        try (Connection conn = shardingDataSource.getConnection();
             PreparedStatement ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {
            ps.setLong(1, user.getUserId());
            ps.setLong(2, user.getOrgId());
            ps.setString(3, user.getUsername());
            ps.setString(4, user.getPassword());
            ps.execute();
        } catch (SQLException throwables) {
            throwables.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    ```

    在 ShardingDataSource 中,我们可以使用 Connection 对象进行 SQL 语句的执行。ShardingDataSource 会自动将 SQL 语句按照分片规则进行分片,并将每个分片的 SQL 语句发送到对应的数据库进行执行,最后将结果合并起来返回。

4. Summary

Sharding-JDBC 在 Java API 开发中使用,可以提供非常便捷、高效、灵活的数据分片方案。通过 Sharding-JDBC,我们可以很轻松地实现数据分片的功能,不仅能够提升数据处理能力,还能够降低单点故障的风险。实际上,在现代化应用开发中,使用数据分片已经成为了一种常见的数据存储方案。

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