How to use Go language to create high-performance multi-dimensional segmentation of MySQL data

In large-scale MySQL databases, data segmentation is one of the very important technologies. By splitting the data into multiple small parts, we can ensure the high performance and scalability of the database, while also enhancing data security.

In this article, we will introduce how to use the Go language to create high-performance multi-dimensional segmentation of MySQL data to make your database more efficient and flexible.

1. Select a data segmentation strategy

Data segmentation is to divide a large amount of data into multiple small pieces to optimize database performance and scalability. In MySQL, there are three segmentation strategies:

1. Vertical segmentation: vertical segmentation based on business data. This means that different data tables are separated on different physical servers to ensure that each server is dedicated to processing the data related to it.
2. Horizontal sharding: Split a table according to certain rules, and then store the split data on different servers. This strategy mainly solves the problem of excessive data volume in a single table, such as user table, order table, etc.
3. Hybrid slicing: Use a combination of vertical slicing and horizontal slicing to get the best of both strategies.

Choosing the sharding strategy that is most suitable for your database is a very important decision, and you need to consider many factors such as database type, business needs, and data volume.

2. Use Go language to connect to MySQL

Go language provides the database/sql package for connecting to multiple databases, including MySQL. Here we use code examples to illustrate how to use Go language to connect to MySQL:

import (
    "database/sql"
    "fmt"
    _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)

func main() {
    db, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/database_name")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer db.Close()
    
    // 进行数据库操作
}

In the above code, the sql.Open function is used to connect to the MySQL database, where user, password and database_name need to be replaced with actual values. Database operations can be performed after the connection is successful.

3. Use Go language for horizontal segmentation

In this section, we will use Go language for horizontal segmentation. By splitting a large data table, we can spread it across different database instances, thereby improving query performance.

The following is one example:

import (
    "database/sql"
    "fmt"
    _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)

func main() {
    db1, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/database_name1")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer db1.Close()
    
    db2, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/database_name2")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer db2.Close()
    
    // 进行数据库操作，比如创建数据表、插入数据等
    // 通过db1进行操作表A，通过db2进行操作表B
}

The above code creates two db objects connected to different database instances. We can use these two objects as needed, for example, db1 is used to operate table A and db2 is used to operate table B. The advantage of this is that even if the table data changes, we can move some tables to other database instances by modifying the connection information.

4. Use Go language for vertical segmentation

In this section, we will use Go language for vertical segmentation. Vertical sharding splits the same data type in one table into different tables and then stores them on different database instances.

The following is one of the examples:

import (
    "database/sql"
    "fmt"
    _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)

func main() {
    db1, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/database_name1")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer db1.Close()
    
    db2, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/database_name2")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer db2.Close()
    
    // 创建数据表
    _, err = db1.Exec(`CREATE TABLE table1 (
        id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
        name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL
    )`)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    
    _, err = db2.Exec(`CREATE TABLE table2 (
        id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
        email VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL
    )`)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    
    // 插入数据
    _, err = db1.Exec(`INSERT INTO table1 (name) VALUES ("Tom")`)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    
    _, err = db2.Exec(`INSERT INTO table2 (email) VALUES ("tom@example.com")`)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    
    // 查询数据
    rows1, err := db1.Query(`SELECT * FROM table1`)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer rows1.Close()
    
    for rows1.Next() {
        var id int
        var name string
        if err := rows1.Scan(&id, &name); err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
            continue
        }
        fmt.Printf("id: %d, name: %s
", id, name)
    }
    
    rows2, err := db2.Query(`SELECT * FROM table2`)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer rows2.Close()
    
    for rows2.Next() {
        var id int
        var email string
        if err := rows2.Scan(&id, &email); err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
            continue
        }
        fmt.Printf("id: %d, email: %s
", id, email)
    }
}

This example creates two data tables containing different data types and saves them to different database instances. Then, insert a row of data into the two data tables and query the data.

5. Use Go language for hybrid segmentation

In this section, we will use Go language for hybrid segmentation. Hybrid sharding combines vertical sharding and horizontal sharding to optimize database performance and scalability.

The following is an example of hybrid segmentation:

import (
    "database/sql"
    "fmt"
    _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)

func main() {
    db1, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/database_name1")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer db1.Close()
    
    db2, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/database_name2")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer db2.Close()
    
    table1_name := "table1"
    table2_name := "table2"
    
    // 进行水平切分
    _, err = db1.Exec(fmt.Sprintf(`
        CREATE TABLE %s_%d (
            id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
            name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL
        ) ENGINE=InnoDB
    `, table1_name, shard_id))
    
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    
    _, err = db2.Exec(fmt.Sprintf(`
        CREATE TABLE %s_%d (
            id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
            email VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL
        ) ENGINE=InnoDB
    `, table2_name, shard_id))
    
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    
    // 进行垂直切分
    _, err = db1.Exec(fmt.Sprintf(`
        CREATE TABLE %s_name_%d (
            id INT(11) NOT NULL,
            name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
            PRIMARY KEY(id)
        ) ENGINE=InnoDB
    `, table1_name, shard_id))
    
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    
    _, err = db2.Exec(fmt.Sprintf(`
        CREATE TABLE %s_email_%d (
            id INT(11) NOT NULL,
            email VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
            PRIMARY KEY(id)
        ) ENGINE=InnoDB
    `, table2_name, shard_id))
    
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    
    // 插入数据
    tx1, _ := db1.Begin()
    stmt1, _ := tx1.Prepare(fmt.Sprintf(`
        INSERT INTO %s_%d (name) values (?)
    `, table1_name, shard_id))
    stmt2, _ := db1.Prepare(fmt.Sprintf(`
        INSERT INTO %s_name_%d (id, name) values (?, ?)
    `, table1_name, shard_id))
    
    stmt1.Exec("Tom")
    stmt2.Exec(1, "Tom")
    
    tx1.Commit()
    
    tx2, _ := db2.Begin()
    stmt3, _ := tx2.Prepare(fmt.Sprintf(`
        INSERT INTO %s_%d (email) values (?)
    `, table2_name, shard_id))
    stmt4, _ := db2.Prepare(fmt.Sprintf(`
        INSERT INTO %s_email_%d (id, email) values (?, ?)
    `, table2_name, shard_id))
    
    stmt3.Exec("tom@example.com")
    stmt4.Exec(1, "tom@example.com")
    
    tx2.Commit()
    
    // 查询数据
    rows1, err := db1.Query(fmt.Sprintf(`
        SELECT * FROM %s_%d
    `, table1_name, shard_id))
    
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer rows1.Close()
    
    for rows1.Next() {
        var id int
        var name string
        if err := rows1.Scan(&id, &name); err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
            continue
        }
        fmt.Printf("id: %d, name: %s
", id, name)
    }
    
    rows2, err := db2.Query(fmt.Sprintf(`
        SELECT * FROM %s_%d
    `, table2_name, shard_id))
    
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer rows2.Close()
    
    for rows2.Next() {
        var id int
        var email string
        if err := rows2.Scan(&id, &email); err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
            continue
        }
        fmt.Printf("id: %d, email: %s
", id, email)
    }
    
    rows3, err := db1.Query(fmt.Sprintf(`
        SELECT * FROM %s_name_%d WHERE id=1
    `, table1_name, shard_id))
    
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer rows3.Close()
    
    for rows3.Next() {
        var id int
        var name string
        if err := rows3.Scan(&id, &name); err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
            continue
        }
        fmt.Printf("id: %d, name: %s
", id, name)
    }
    
    rows4, err := db2.Query(fmt.Sprintf(`
        SELECT * FROM %s_email_%d WHERE id=1
    `, table2_name, shard_id))
    
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }
    defer rows4.Close()
    
    for rows4.Next() {
        var id int
        var email string
        if err := rows4.Scan(&id, &email); err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
            continue
        }
        fmt.Printf("id: %d, email: %s
", id, email)
    }
}

This example combines horizontal segmentation and vertical segmentation of data, dividing table A and table B into multiple small tables (such as A_0 , A_1, B_0, B_1, etc.) and save them to different database instances. This hybrid sharding method allows us to manage the database more flexibly while improving query performance and scalability.

6. Summary

Through the study of this article, we have learned how to use Go language to create high-performance multi-dimensional segmentation of MySQL data. Different segmentation strategies have their unique advantages and application scenarios, and we need to choose according to the actual situation.

Whether it is horizontal segmentation or vertical segmentation, the database/sql package of Go language provides convenient operation methods. Use these methods to quickly connect to the MySQL database and operate on the data.

I hope this article will be helpful to you. If you have any questions or suggestions, please leave a message in the comment area.

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