Java backend development: API authentication and authorization using Java Authentication and Authorization Service

Java back-end development has always been the mainstream of enterprise application development. In actual development, we often need to authenticate and authorize APIs to ensure data and user security. Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS) is a way of implementing identity authentication and authorization provided by Java.

What is JAAS

JAAS is a security framework provided by Java technology. It provides a common API and SPI to implement authentication and authorization. Both Java applications and web applications can use JAAS to implement secure authentication and authorization.

JAAS contains three core concepts: Subject, Authentication and Authorization.

Subject refers to a user or a service and has one or more identities (principals) and multiple appropriate permissions (permissions). Subject is the core class of JAAS and represents any entity in the application.

Authentication means verifying the identity of the Subject. It consists of a set of Credentials such as Username and PasswordCredential. Credential can be anything: password, digital certificate, fingerprint, etc.
Authorization represents the process of authorizing the Subject to access resources or perform operations. Permission refers to a single operation captured in the Java virtual machine, such as reading a file or accepting a socket connection.

How to use JAAS for API authentication and authorization

First, we need to configure the JAAS implementation module. JAAS supports multiple implementation modules, the most commonly used of which is the file-based implementation module. The following is a file-based JAAS configuration example:

Sample {
  com.mycompany.security.SampleLoginModule required;
};

Sample is the name of the implementation module, com.mycompany.security.SampleLoginModule is the Java class name that implements the LoginModule interface, and required indicates that the module must be used during the authentication process being executed.

Next, in Java, we need to use the LoginContext class to implement authentication and authorization. The code example is as follows:

LoginContext lc = new LoginContext("Sample", 
  new CallbackHandler() {
    public void handle(Callback[] callbacks) {
        // ...
        // 这里实现回调处理逻辑
        // ...
    }
});

try {
    lc.login();
    Subject subject = lc.getSubject();
    // 身份验证成功，subject中包含了身份和权限
} catch (LoginException le) {
    // 身份验证失败
}

As shown in the above code, first we create a LoginContext object and pass the implementation module and callback processor to it. In the callback handler, we can handle the callbacks required for authentication.

Then, we call the login method of LoginContext to perform authentication and authorization. If the verification is successful, we can get the Subject object from the LoginContext and use it in subsequent requests to verify the API permissions.

Finally, we need to use the Subject object in the API to verify the user's permissions, for example:

Subject subject = SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication().getPrincipal();
if (subject.isPermitted("read_data")) {
    // 允许访问数据
} else {
    // 拒绝访问数据
}

In the above code, we use the SecurityContextHolder in the Spring Security framework to obtain the Subject object, and use isPermitted method to verify whether permission is granted.

Conclusion

Using JAAS for authentication and authorization is a standard approach in Java backend development. It provides common APIs and SPIs, allowing developers to easily implement API security. I hope this article can help you understand how to use JAAS for API authentication and authorization.

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