URI-based ACL configuration in Nginx reverse proxy

Nginx is an open source high-performance web server and reverse proxy server that can easily handle a large number of concurrent requests. Nginx integrates a variety of functional modules, among which ACL (Access Control List) is an important configuration method. ACL allows administrators to control which users or IP addresses can access the Nginx server, thereby improving the security and reliability of the web server. This article will introduce how to use ACL configuration in Nginx reverse proxy to control access permissions based on URI.

1. What is ACL?

ACL, full name Access Control List, Chinese name Access Control List, is a technical means to control access rights. It allows or denies access to specific users or IP addresses, thereby protecting your web server from malicious attacks.

There are two ways to implement ACL in Nginx, one is ACL based on IP address, and the other is ACL based on URI. This article will focus on URI-based ACLs.

2. URI-based ACL configuration

URI-based ACL is a relatively common and flexible means of controlling access permissions. By filtering the requested URI, user access rights can be controlled by category.

Let’s look at a specific example. Suppose our web application has two modules, one is the background management module and the other is the front-end user module. The access URIs for these two modules are different.

We can use the ACL function of Nginx to cooperate with the reverse proxy module to achieve access control to these two modules. First, we need to add the following ACL rules to the Nginx configuration file:

location / {

proxy_pass http://backend;
allow 192.168.1.0/24; # 允许192.168.1.0/24网段的访问
deny all; # 拒绝其他所有IP地址的访问

}

location /admin {

proxy_pass http://backend;
allow 192.168.1.10; # 允许指定IP地址的访问
deny all; # 拒绝其他所有IP地址的访问

}

In the above configuration, we set different ACL rules for all URIs and /admin URIs. For all URIs, we only allow IP addresses in the 192.168.1.0/24 network segment to be accessible. For /admin URI, we only allow the specified IP address to be accessed, and other IP addresses are rejected.

It should be noted that the order of ACL rules is very important. Nginx first matches the longest URI. If the match is successful, the ACL rule corresponding to the URI is used. If the URI matches multiple ACL rules, the first matching ACL rule will be used.

3. Regular expression-based ACL configuration

In addition to URI-based ACL configuration, Nginx also supports regular expression-based ACL configuration. This method is more flexible and can be customized according to different needs.

Let’s take a look at an example. Suppose we need to control access to all URIs starting with /api, we can use the following ACL configuration:

location ~ ^/api/(.*)$ {

proxy_pass http://backend;
allow 192.168.1.0/24; # 允许192.168.1.0/24网段的访问
deny all; # 拒绝其他所有IP地址的访问

}

In the above configuration, we use regular expressions to match all URIs starting with /api, and set the corresponding ACL rules.

It should be noted that using regular expressions for ACL configuration may cause some performance overhead. Therefore, we recommend using URI-based ACL configuration whenever possible.

4. Summary

ACL is a very important means of controlling access permissions in Nginx reverse proxy. URI-based ACL configuration can set different access permissions for different URIs. ACL configuration based on regular expressions is more flexible and can be customized according to different needs. For different application scenarios, we can choose different ACL configuration methods. At the same time, in order to improve performance, we should try to avoid using complex regular expressions for ACL configuration.

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