- 索引是创建在表上的,对数据库表中一列或多列的值进行排序的一种结构,其作用主要在于提高查询的速度,降低数据库系统的性能开销
- 通过索引,查询数据不必读完记录的全部信息进行匹配,而是只查询索引列
- 索引相当于字典中的音序表,要查询某字时可以在音序表中找到,然后直接跳转到那一音序所在位置,而不必从字典第一页开始翻,逐字匹配
- 索引虽能提高查询速度,但在插入记录时会按照索引进行排序,因此降低了插入速度,最好的操作方式是先删除索引,插入大量记录后再创建索引
索引分类
1.普通索引:不附加任何限制条件,可创建在任何数据类型中
2.唯一性索引:使用unique参数可以设置索引为唯一性索引,在创建索引时,限制该索引的值必须唯一,主键就是一种唯一性索引
3.全文索引:使用fulltext参数可以设置索引为全文索引。全文索引只能创建在char、varchar或text类型的字段上。查询数据量较大的字符串类型字段时,效果明显。但只有MyISAM存储引擎支持全文检索
4.单列索引:在表中单个字段上创建的索引,单列索引可以是任何类型,只要保证索引只对应一个一个字段
5.多列索引:在表中多个字段上创建的索引,该索引指向创建时对应的多个字段
6.空间索引:使用spatial参数可以设置索引为空间索引,空间索引只能建立在空间数据类型上比如geometry,并且不能为空,目前只有MyISAM存储引擎支持
(1)在创建表时创建索引
创建普通索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create table index1( -> id int, -> name varchar(20), -> sex boolean, -> index(id) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)</code>
此处在id字段上创建索引,show create table可查看
创建唯一性索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create table index2( -> id int unique, -> name varchar(20), -> unique index index2_id(id ASC) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)</code>
此处使用id字段创建了一个名为index2_id的索引
这里的id字段可以不设置唯一性约束,但这样一来索引就没有作用
创建全文索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create table index3( -> id int, -> info varchar(20), -> fulltext index index3_info(info) -> )engine=MyISAM; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)</code>
要注意创建全文索引时只能使用MyISAM存储引擎
创建单列索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create table index4( -> id int, -> subject varchar(30), -> index index4_st(subject(10)) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec)</code>
此处subject字段长度是30,而索引长度则是10
这么做的目的在于提高查询速度,对于字符型的数据不用查询全部信息
创建多列索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create table index5( -> id int, -> name varchar(20), -> sex char(4), -> index index5_ns(name,sex) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)</code>
可以看出,这里使用了name字段和sex字段创建索引列
创建空间索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create table index6( -> id int, -> space geometry not null, -> spatial index index6_sp(space) -> )engine=MyISAM; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)</code>
这里需要注意空间space字段不能为空,还有存储引擎
(2)在已经存在的表上创建索引
创建普通索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create index index7_id on example0(id); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
这里在现有表的id字段上创建了一条名为index7_id的索引
创建唯一性索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create unique index index8_id on example1(course_id); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
此处只需要在index关键字前面加上unique即可
至于表中的course_id字段,最要也设置唯一性约束条件
创建全文索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create fulltext index index9_info on example2(info); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
fulltext关键字用来设置全文引擎,此处的表必须是MyISAM存储引擎
创建单列索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create index index10_addr on example3(address(4)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
此表中address字段的长度是20,这里只查询4字节,不需要全部查询
创建多列索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create index index11_na on example4(name,address); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
索引创建好之后,查询中必须有name字段才能使用
创建空间索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> create spatial index index12_line on example5(space); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
这里需要注意存储引擎是MyISAM,还有空间数据类型
(3)用alter table语句来创建索引
创建普通索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> alter table example6 add index index13_n(name(20)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
创建唯一性索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> alter table example8 add fulltext index index15_info(info); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
创建单列索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> alter table example9 add index index16_addr(address(4)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
创建多列索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> alter table example10 add index index17_in(id,name); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
创建空间索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> alter table example11 add spatial index index18_space(space); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
到此,三种操作方式,每种索引类别的建立就都列举了
对于索引,重要的是理解索引的概念,明白索引的种类
更多的是自己的使用经验
最后来看看索引的删除
(4)删除索引
<code class="language-sql">mysql> drop index index18_space on example11; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0</code>
这里是刚刚创建的一条索引
其中index18_space是索引名,example11是表名

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