css different browsers

CSS performance and solutions in different browsers

CSS is an indispensable part of web design. It can bring visual improvement and interactive experience to web pages. However, due to the different kernels of different browsers, the performance of CSS in different browsers is also different, which brings great challenges to web designers. This article will discuss the performance and solutions of CSS in different browsers.

I. Performance of CSS in different browsers

1. Differences in box models

In CSS, the box model is one of the most basic concepts. The box model can be divided into W3C box model and IE box model. The similarity between the two box models is that they are composed of four parts: content, padding, border, and margin. The difference lies in the way they calculate the box model.

The W3C box model is the standard box model, which calculates width and height as the width and height of the content area, and padding and borders will be added in addition to the width and height. The IE box model calculates width and height as the sum of the content area, padding, and borders.

In this way, the same CSS code may produce different results under the parsing of different browsers. For example:

.box {
  width: 200px;
  height: 200px;
  padding: 20px;
  border: 1px solid #000;
}

In the W3C box model, the width of this element is 200px, the height is 200px, the padding, that is, the sum of the left and right padding and the top and bottom padding is 40px, and the border is 1px, so the entire The element has a width of 242px and a height of 242px. In the IE box model, this element has a width of 200px, a height of 200px, a padding of 40px, and a border of 1px, so the entire element has a width of 282px and a height of 282px.

2. Style compatibility

Not all CSS properties and styles are supported on all browsers. For example, some newly added CSS3 properties do not work on older versions of IE browsers. This may result in web pages not rendering properly on some browsers without cross-browser testing.

For example:

.box {
  width: 200px;
  height: 200px;
  border-radius: 50%;
}

On browsers that support the border-radius attribute, this element will be displayed as a circle, while on browsers that do not support this attribute, the element will still be A square.

3. Text rendering

Different browsers may also render text differently. Some browsers will make fonts bold, some will compress fonts, and some will stretch fonts.

For example:

p {
  font-weight: bold;
}

In different browsers, fonts may be rendered differently. In some browsers, this element may appear bold, and in some browsers, the font weight may change slightly, causing an inconsistent effect.

II. Solutions to CSS in different browsers

1. Use browser style reset

Browser style reset refers to using CSS to change all default CSS styles such as fonts, line heights, margins, etc. are reset to the same values ​​to achieve the same effect in all browsers.

For example, the following is a browser style reset code in normalize.css:

html {
  line-height: 1.15;
  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
}

body {
  margin: 0;
}

article,
aside,
header,
nav,
section {
  display: block;
}

h1 {
  font-size: 2em;
  margin: .67em 0;
}

figcaption,
figure,
main {
  display: block;
}

figure {
  margin: 1em 40px;
}

hr {
  box-sizing: content-box;
  height: 0;
  overflow: visible;
}

After resetting the browser default style, and then setting a custom style, you can achieve different The purpose of displaying the same effect in the browser.

2. Use the CSS precompiler

The CSS precompiler can simplify the process of writing CSS, and at the same time, it can provide some advanced functions such as browser automatic completion, variables, and functions, so that CSS code is more maintainable and readable.

Common CSS precompilers include LESS, SASS and Stylus. For example, when writing CSS code using SASS, you can use the @import directive to merge multiple CSS files into one file, so that only one HTTP request needs to be sent when loading this file in the browser, thus improving page loading speed.

3. Use browser prefixes appropriately

In order to achieve the latest CSS effects, we need to use some of the latest CSS properties, but these properties may not be supported by all browsers, so Appropriate use of browser prefixes is required. Browser prefix refers to adding some browser's own prefixes before CSS properties, so that the browser can achieve its own unique effects on certain CSS properties.

For example:

.box {
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 4px 4px #000;
  -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 4px 4px #000;
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 4px 4px #000;
}

In this example, -webkit-box-shadow, -moz-box-shadow and box-shadow are all the same properties, just adding different browsing The browser prefix allows different browsers to have their own way of parsing and displaying this attribute.

Summary

The inconsistent performance of CSS in different browsers brings great challenges to web designers. However, by using browser style reset, CSS precompiler and appropriate use of browser prefixes, we can better solve this problem so that web pages display the same effect in different browsers.

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