Imitating Jeff Dean's divine summary, a former Google engineer shared "LLM development secrets": numbers that every developer should know!

Recently, a netizen compiled a list of "Numbers that every LLM developer should know" and explained why these numbers are important and how we should use them.

When he was at Google, there was a document compiled by legendary engineer Jeff Dean called "Numbers Every Engineer Should Know."

Jeff Dean: "Numbers Every Engineer Should Know"

For LLM (Large Language Model) developers, it is also very useful to have a similar set of numbers for rough estimation.

Prompt

##40-90%: Add "concise" to the prompt The subsequent cost savings

#You must know that you pay according to the token used by LLM during output.

This means that you can save a lot of money by letting your model be concise.

At the same time, this concept can be expanded to more places.

For example, you originally wanted to use GPT-4 to generate 10 alternatives, but now you may be able to ask it to provide 5 first, and then you can keep the other half of the money.

1.3: The average number of tokens per word

LLM operates in token units.

And a token is a word or a subpart of a word. For example, "eating" may be decomposed into two tokens "eat" and "ing".

Generally speaking, 750 English words will generate about 1000 tokens.

For languages ​​other than English, the number of tokens per word will be increased, depending on their commonality in LLM’s embedding corpus.

Price

Considering that the cost of using LLM is very high, the numbers related to the price are has become particularly important.

~50: Cost ratio of GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 Turbo

Using GPT-3.5-Turbo About 50 times cheaper than GPT-4. I say "approximately" because GPT-4 charges differently for prompts and generation.

So in actual application, it is best to confirm whether GPT-3.5-Turbo is enough to meet your needs.

For example, for tasks like summarizing, GPT-3.5-Turbo is more than sufficient.

##5: Use GPT- 3.5-Turbo vs. OpenAI Embedding Cost Ratio for Text Generation

This means that looking up something in a vector storage system is much cheaper than using generation with LLM.

Specifically, searching in the neural information retrieval system costs about 5 times less than asking GPT-3.5-Turbo. Compared with GPT-4, the cost gap is as high as 250 times!

10: Cost Ratio of OpenAI Embeds vs. Self-Hosted Embeds

Note: This number is very sensitive to load and embedding batch sizes are very sensitive, so consider them as approximations.

With g4dn.4xlarge (on-demand price: $1.20/hour) we can leverage SentenceTransformers with HuggingFace (comparable to OpenAI’s embeddings) at ~9000 per second The speed of token embedding.

Doing some basic calculations at this speed and node type shows that self-hosted embeds can be 10x cheaper.

6: Cost ratio of OpenAI basic model and fine-tuned model query

On OpenAI, the cost of fine-tuned model 6 times that of the base model.

This also means that it is more cost-effective to adjust the base model's prompts than to fine-tune a custom model.

1: Cost ratio of self-hosting base model vs. fine-tuned model query

If you host the model yourself, then The cost of the fine-tuned model is almost the same as that of the base model: the number of parameters is the same for both models.

Training and fine-tuning

~$1 million: the cost of training a 13 billion parameter model on 1.4 trillion tokens

Paper address: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.13971.pdf

##LLaMa’s The paper mentioned that it took them 21 days and used 2048 A100 80GB GPUs to train the LLaMa model.

Assuming we train our model on the Red Pajama training set, assuming everything works fine, without any crashes, and it succeeds the first time, we will get the above numbers.

In addition, this process also involves coordination between 2048 GPUs.

Most companies do not have the conditions to do this.

However, the most critical message is: it is possible to train our own LLM, but the process is not cheap.

And every time it is run, it takes several days.

In comparison, using a pre-trained model will be much cheaper.

< 0.001: Cost rate for fine-tuning and training from scratch

##This number is a bit general, in general Generally speaking, the cost of fine-tuning is negligible.

For example, you can fine-tune a 6B parameter model for about $7.

Even at OpenAI’s rate for its most expensive fine-tuned model, Davinci, it only costs 3 for every 1,000 tokens cents.

This means that if you want to fine-tune Shakespeare's entire work (about 1 million words), you only need to spend forty or fifty dollars.

However, fine-tuning is one thing, training from scratch is another...

GPU memory

If you are self-hosting the model, it is very important to understand the GPU memory, because LLM is pushing the GPU memory to the limit.

The following statistics are used specifically for inference. If you want to do training or fine-tuning, you need quite a bit of video memory.

V100: 16GB, A10G: 24GB, A100: 40/80GB: GPU memory capacity

Understand the different types The amount of video memory your GPU has is important as this will limit the amount of parameters your LLM can have.

Generally speaking, we like to use A10G because they are priced at $1.5 to $2 per hour on AWS on demand and have 24G of GPU memory, while each A100 The price is approximately $5/hour.

2x Parameter amount: Typical GPU memory requirements of LLM

For example, when you have a 7 billion Parametric model requires approximately 14GB of GPU memory.

This is because in most cases each argument requires a 16-bit floating point number (or 2 bytes).

Usually you don't need more than 16 bits of precision, but most of the time the resolution starts to decrease when the precision reaches 8 bits (and in some cases this is acceptable).

Of course, there are some projects that have improved this situation. For example, llama.cpp ran through a 13 billion parameter model by quantizing to 4 bits on a 6GB GPU (8 bits are also acceptable), but this is not common.

~1GB: Typical GPU memory requirements for embedding models

Whenever you embed statements (clustering, semantics (which is often done for search and classification tasks), you need an embedding model like a sentence converter. OpenAI also has its own commercial embedding model.

Usually you don’t have to worry about how much video memory embedding takes up on the GPU, they are quite small and you can even embed LLM on the same GPU .

>10x: Improve throughput by batching LLM requests

##Latency of running LLM queries through GPU Very high: At a throughput of 0.2 queries per second, the latency may be 5 seconds.

Interestingly, if you run two tasks, the delay may only be 5.2 seconds.

This means that if you can bundle 25 queries together, you will need about 10 seconds of latency, and the throughput has been increased to 2.5 queries per second.

However, please read on.

~1 MB: GPU memory required for the 13 billion parameter model to output 1 token

What you need The amount of video memory is directly proportional to the maximum number of tokens you want to generate.

For example, generating output of up to 512 tokens (approximately 380 words) requires 512MB of video memory.

You might say, this is no big deal - I have 24GB of video memory, what is 512MB? However, if you want to run larger batches, this number starts to add up.

For example, if you want to do 16 batches, the video memory will be directly increased to 8GB.

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