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一、通过 glibc 提供的库函数
glibc 是 linux 下使用的开源的标准 c 库,它是 gnu 发布的 libc 库,即运行时库。glibc 为程序员提供丰富的 api(application programming interface),除了例如字符串处理、数学运算等用户态服务之外,最重要的是封装了操作系统提供的系统服务,即系统调用的封装。那么glibc提供的系统调用api与内核特定的系统调用之间的关系是什么呢?

  • 通常情况,每个特定的系统调用对应了至少一个 glibc 封装的库函数,如系统提供的打开文件系统调用 sys_open 对应的是 glibc 中的 open 函数;

  • 其次,glibc 一个单独的 api 可能调用多个系统调用,如 glibc 提供的 printf 函数就会调用如 sys_open、sys_mmap、sys_write、sys_close 等等系统调用;

  • 另外,多个 api 也可能只对应同一个系统调用,如glibc 下实现的 malloc、calloc、free 等函数用来分配和释放内存,都利用了内核的 sys_brk 的系统调用。

举例来说,我们通过 glibc 提供的chmod 函数来改变文件 etc/passwd 的属性为 444:

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
  int rc;

  rc = chmod("/etc/passwd", 0444);
  if (rc == -1)
    fprintf(stderr, "chmod failed, errno = %d\n", errno);
  else
    printf("chmod success!\n");
  return 0;
}

在普通用户下编译运用,输出结果为:

chmod failed, errno = 1
上面系统调用返回的值为-1,说明系统调用失败,错误码为1,在 /usr/include/asm-generic/errno-base.h 文件中有如下错误代码说明:

#define eperm       1                /* operation not permitted */
即无权限进行该操作,我们以普通用户权限是无法修改 /etc/passwd 文件的属性的,结果正确。

二、使用 syscall 直接调用
使用上面的方法有很多好处,首先你无须知道更多的细节,如 chmod 系统调用号,你只需了解 glibc 提供的 api 的原型;其次,该方法具有更好的移植性,你可以很轻松将该程序移植到其他平台,或者将 glibc 库换成其它库,程序只需做少量改动。
但有点不足是,如果 glibc 没有封装某个内核提供的系统调用时,我就没办法通过上面的方法来调用该系统调用。如我自己通过编译内核增加了一个系统调用,这时 glibc 不可能有你新增系统调用的封装 api,此时我们可以利用 glibc 提供的syscall 函数直接调用。该函数定义在 unistd.h 头文件中,函数原型如下:

long int syscall (long int sysno, ...)

  • 每个系统调用都有一个独特的sysno系统调用号来进行标识。在sys/syscall.h中,所有可能使用的系统调用号都被定义为宏。

  • ... 为剩余可变长的参数,为系统调用所带的参数,根据系统调用的不同,可带0~5个不等的参数,如果超过特定系统调用能带的参数,多余的参数被忽略。

  • 返回值 该函数返回值为特定系统调用的返回值,在系统调用成功之后你可以将该返回值转化为特定的类型,如果系统调用失败则返回 -1,错误代码存放在 errno 中。

还以上面修改 /etc/passwd 文件的属性为例,这次使用 syscall 直接调用:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <errno.h>

int main()
{
  int rc;
  rc = syscall(sys_chmod, "/etc/passwd", 0444);

  if (rc == -1)
    fprintf(stderr, "chmod failed, errno = %d\n", errno);
  else
    printf("chmod succeess!\n");
  return 0;
}

在普通用户下编译执行,输出的结果与上例相同。

三、通过 int 指令陷入
如果我们知道系统调用的整个过程的话,应该就能知道用户态程序通过软中断指令int 0x80 来陷入内核态(在intel pentium ii 又引入了sysenter指令),参数的传递是通过寄存器,eax 传递的是系统调用号,ebx、ecx、edx、esi和edi 来依次传递最多五个参数,当系统调用返回时,返回值存放在 eax 中。

仍然以上面的修改文件属性为例,将调用系统调用那段写成内联汇编代码:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <errno.h>

int main()
{
  long rc;
  char *file_name = "/etc/passwd";
  unsigned short mode = 0444;

  asm(
    "int $0x80"
    : "=a" (rc)
    : "0" (sys_chmod), "b" ((long)file_name), "c" ((long)mode)
  );

  if ((unsigned long)rc >= (unsigned long)-132) {
    errno = -rc;
    rc = -1;
  }

  if (rc == -1)
    fprintf(stderr, "chmode failed, errno = %d\n", errno);
  else
    printf("success!\n");

  return 0;
}

如果 eax 寄存器存放的返回值(存放在变量 rc 中)在 -1~-132 之间,就必须要解释为出错码(在/usr/include/asm-generic/errno.h 文件中定义的最大出错码为 132),这时,将错误码写入 errno 中,置系统调用返回值为 -1;否则返回的是 eax 中的值。上面程序在 32位linux下以普通用户权限编译运行结果与前面两个相同!

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