search
HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial图解MYSQL JOIN ON,SQL JOIN 详解,数据库sql join语句_MySQL

对于SQL的Join,在学习起来可能是比较乱的。我们知道,SQL的Join语法有很多inner的,有outer的,有left的,有时候,对于Select出来的结果集是什么样子有点不是很清楚。Coding Horror上有一篇文章(实在不清楚为什么Coding Horror也被墙)通过 文氏图 Venn diagrams 解释了SQL的Join。我觉得清楚易懂,转过来。

假设我们有两张表。

  • Table A 是左边的表。
  • Table B 是右边的表。

其各有四条记录,其中有两条记录是相同的,如下所示:

id name       id  name-- ----       --  ----1  Pirate     1   Rutabaga2  Monkey     2   Pirate3  Ninja      3   Darth Vader4  Spaghetti  4   Ninja

下面让我们来看看不同的Join会产生什么样的结果。

 

SELECT * FROM TableA<strong>INNER JOIN</strong> TableBON TableA.name = TableB.nameid  name       id   name--  ----       --   ----1   Pirate     2    Pirate3   Ninja      4    Ninja

Inner join
产生的结果集中,是A和B的交集。

Venn diagram of SQL inner join
SELECT * FROM TableA<strong>FULL OUTER JOIN</strong> TableBON TableA.name = TableB.nameid    name       id    name--    ----       --    ----1     Pirate     2     Pirate2     Monkey     null  null3     Ninja      4     Ninja4     Spaghetti  null  nullnull  null       1     Rutabaganull  null       3     Darth Vader

Full outer join 产生A和B的并集。但是需要注意的是,对于没有匹配的记录,则会以null做为值。

Venn diagram of SQL cartesian join
SELECT * FROM TableA<strong>LEFT OUTER JOIN</strong> TableBON TableA.name = TableB.nameid  name       id    name--  ----       --    ----1   Pirate     2     Pirate2   Monkey     null  null3   Ninja      4     Ninja4   Spaghetti  null  null

Left outer join 产生表A的完全集,而B表中匹配的则有值,没有匹配的则以null值取代。

Venn diagram of SQL left join
SELECT * FROM TableALEFT OUTER JOIN TableBON TableA.name = TableB.name<strong>WHERE TableB.id IS null</strong> id  name       id     name--  ----       --     ----2   Monkey     null   null4   Spaghetti  null   null

产生在A表中有而在B表中没有的集合。

join-left-outer.png
SELECT * FROM TableAFULL OUTER JOIN TableBON TableA.name = TableB.name<strong>WHERE TableA.id IS null OR TableB.id IS null </strong>id    name       id    name--    ----       --    ----2     Monkey     null  null4     Spaghetti  null  nullnull  null       1     Rutabaganull  null       3     Darth Vader

产生A表和B表都没有出现的数据集。

join-outer.png

还需要注册的是我们还有一个是“交差集” cross join, 这种Join没有办法用文式图表示,因为其就是把表A和表B的数据进行一个N*M的组合,即笛卡尔积。表达式如下:

SELECT * FROM TableA<strong>CROSS JOIN</strong> TableB

这个笛卡尔乘积会产生 4 x 4 = 16 条记录,一般来说,我们很少用到这个语法。但是我们得小心,如果不是使用嵌套的select语句,一般系统都会产生笛卡尔乘积然再做过滤。这是对于性能来说是非常危险的,尤其是表很大的时候。

(全文完)

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
What are stored procedures in MySQL?What are stored procedures in MySQL?May 01, 2025 am 12:27 AM

Stored procedures are precompiled SQL statements in MySQL for improving performance and simplifying complex operations. 1. Improve performance: After the first compilation, subsequent calls do not need to be recompiled. 2. Improve security: Restrict data table access through permission control. 3. Simplify complex operations: combine multiple SQL statements to simplify application layer logic.

How does query caching work in MySQL?How does query caching work in MySQL?May 01, 2025 am 12:26 AM

The working principle of MySQL query cache is to store the results of SELECT query, and when the same query is executed again, the cached results are directly returned. 1) Query cache improves database reading performance and finds cached results through hash values. 2) Simple configuration, set query_cache_type and query_cache_size in MySQL configuration file. 3) Use the SQL_NO_CACHE keyword to disable the cache of specific queries. 4) In high-frequency update environments, query cache may cause performance bottlenecks and needs to be optimized for use through monitoring and adjustment of parameters.

What are the advantages of using MySQL over other relational databases?What are the advantages of using MySQL over other relational databases?May 01, 2025 am 12:18 AM

The reasons why MySQL is widely used in various projects include: 1. High performance and scalability, supporting multiple storage engines; 2. Easy to use and maintain, simple configuration and rich tools; 3. Rich ecosystem, attracting a large number of community and third-party tool support; 4. Cross-platform support, suitable for multiple operating systems.

How do you handle database upgrades in MySQL?How do you handle database upgrades in MySQL?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:28 AM

The steps for upgrading MySQL database include: 1. Backup the database, 2. Stop the current MySQL service, 3. Install the new version of MySQL, 4. Start the new version of MySQL service, 5. Recover the database. Compatibility issues are required during the upgrade process, and advanced tools such as PerconaToolkit can be used for testing and optimization.

What are the different backup strategies you can use for MySQL?What are the different backup strategies you can use for MySQL?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:28 AM

MySQL backup policies include logical backup, physical backup, incremental backup, replication-based backup, and cloud backup. 1. Logical backup uses mysqldump to export database structure and data, which is suitable for small databases and version migrations. 2. Physical backups are fast and comprehensive by copying data files, but require database consistency. 3. Incremental backup uses binary logging to record changes, which is suitable for large databases. 4. Replication-based backup reduces the impact on the production system by backing up from the server. 5. Cloud backups such as AmazonRDS provide automation solutions, but costs and control need to be considered. When selecting a policy, database size, downtime tolerance, recovery time, and recovery point goals should be considered.

What is MySQL clustering?What is MySQL clustering?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:28 AM

MySQLclusteringenhancesdatabaserobustnessandscalabilitybydistributingdataacrossmultiplenodes.ItusestheNDBenginefordatareplicationandfaulttolerance,ensuringhighavailability.Setupinvolvesconfiguringmanagement,data,andSQLnodes,withcarefulmonitoringandpe

How do you optimize database schema design for performance in MySQL?How do you optimize database schema design for performance in MySQL?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:27 AM

Optimizing database schema design in MySQL can improve performance through the following steps: 1. Index optimization: Create indexes on common query columns, balancing the overhead of query and inserting updates. 2. Table structure optimization: Reduce data redundancy through normalization or anti-normalization and improve access efficiency. 3. Data type selection: Use appropriate data types, such as INT instead of VARCHAR, to reduce storage space. 4. Partitioning and sub-table: For large data volumes, use partitioning and sub-table to disperse data to improve query and maintenance efficiency.

How can you optimize MySQL performance?How can you optimize MySQL performance?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:26 AM

TooptimizeMySQLperformance,followthesesteps:1)Implementproperindexingtospeedupqueries,2)UseEXPLAINtoanalyzeandoptimizequeryperformance,3)Adjustserverconfigurationsettingslikeinnodb_buffer_pool_sizeandmax_connections,4)Usepartitioningforlargetablestoi

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Tools

Atom editor mac version download

Atom editor mac version download

The most popular open source editor

VSCode Windows 64-bit Download

VSCode Windows 64-bit Download

A free and powerful IDE editor launched by Microsoft

WebStorm Mac version

WebStorm Mac version

Useful JavaScript development tools

MantisBT

MantisBT

Mantis is an easy-to-deploy web-based defect tracking tool designed to aid in product defect tracking. It requires PHP, MySQL and a web server. Check out our demo and hosting services.

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment