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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial图解MYSQL JOIN ON,SQL JOIN 详解,数据库sql join语句_MySQL

对于SQL的Join,在学习起来可能是比较乱的。我们知道,SQL的Join语法有很多inner的,有outer的,有left的,有时候,对于Select出来的结果集是什么样子有点不是很清楚。Coding Horror上有一篇文章(实在不清楚为什么Coding Horror也被墙)通过 文氏图 Venn diagrams 解释了SQL的Join。我觉得清楚易懂,转过来。

假设我们有两张表。

  • Table A 是左边的表。
  • Table B 是右边的表。

其各有四条记录,其中有两条记录是相同的,如下所示:

id name       id  name-- ----       --  ----1  Pirate     1   Rutabaga2  Monkey     2   Pirate3  Ninja      3   Darth Vader4  Spaghetti  4   Ninja

下面让我们来看看不同的Join会产生什么样的结果。

 

SELECT * FROM TableA<strong>INNER JOIN</strong> TableBON TableA.name = TableB.nameid  name       id   name--  ----       --   ----1   Pirate     2    Pirate3   Ninja      4    Ninja

Inner join
产生的结果集中,是A和B的交集。

Venn diagram of SQL inner join
SELECT * FROM TableA<strong>FULL OUTER JOIN</strong> TableBON TableA.name = TableB.nameid    name       id    name--    ----       --    ----1     Pirate     2     Pirate2     Monkey     null  null3     Ninja      4     Ninja4     Spaghetti  null  nullnull  null       1     Rutabaganull  null       3     Darth Vader

Full outer join 产生A和B的并集。但是需要注意的是,对于没有匹配的记录,则会以null做为值。

Venn diagram of SQL cartesian join
SELECT * FROM TableA<strong>LEFT OUTER JOIN</strong> TableBON TableA.name = TableB.nameid  name       id    name--  ----       --    ----1   Pirate     2     Pirate2   Monkey     null  null3   Ninja      4     Ninja4   Spaghetti  null  null

Left outer join 产生表A的完全集,而B表中匹配的则有值,没有匹配的则以null值取代。

Venn diagram of SQL left join
SELECT * FROM TableALEFT OUTER JOIN TableBON TableA.name = TableB.name<strong>WHERE TableB.id IS null</strong> id  name       id     name--  ----       --     ----2   Monkey     null   null4   Spaghetti  null   null

产生在A表中有而在B表中没有的集合。

join-left-outer.png
SELECT * FROM TableAFULL OUTER JOIN TableBON TableA.name = TableB.name<strong>WHERE TableA.id IS null OR TableB.id IS null </strong>id    name       id    name--    ----       --    ----2     Monkey     null  null4     Spaghetti  null  nullnull  null       1     Rutabaganull  null       3     Darth Vader

产生A表和B表都没有出现的数据集。

join-outer.png

还需要注册的是我们还有一个是“交差集” cross join, 这种Join没有办法用文式图表示,因为其就是把表A和表B的数据进行一个N*M的组合,即笛卡尔积。表达式如下:

SELECT * FROM TableA<strong>CROSS JOIN</strong> TableB

这个笛卡尔乘积会产生 4 x 4 = 16 条记录,一般来说,我们很少用到这个语法。但是我们得小心,如果不是使用嵌套的select语句,一般系统都会产生笛卡尔乘积然再做过滤。这是对于性能来说是非常危险的,尤其是表很大的时候。

(全文完)

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