[2] 当数据库被修改后的恢复方法
数据库被修改,可能存在着多方面的原因,被入侵、以及相应程序存在Bug等等,这里不作详细介绍。这里将只介绍在数据库被修改后,如果恢复到被修改前状态的方法。
具体和上面所述的“数据库被删除后的恢复方法”相类似。这里,测试用数据库接着使用刚刚在前面用过的test。这里为了使刚刚接触数据库的朋友不至于理解混乱,我们再次登录到MySQL服务器上确认一下刚刚建立的测试用的数据库test的相关信息。
[root@CentOS ~]# mysql -u root -p ← 用root登录到MySQL服务器 Enter password: ← 输入MySQL的root用户密码 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or /g. Your MySQL connection id is 14 to server version: 4.1.20 Type 'help;' or '/h' for help. Type '/c' to clear the buffer. mysql> show databases; ← 查看当前存在的数据库 +-------------+ | Database | +-------------+ | mysql | | test | +------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> use test ← 连接到test数据库 Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> show tables; ← 查看test数据库中存在的表 +-------------------+ | Tables_in_test | +-------------------+ | test | +-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test; ← 查看数据库中的内容 +------+--------------------+ | num | name | +------+--------------------+ | 1 | Hello,CentOS| +------+--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> exit ← 退出MySQL服务器 Bye |
然后,我们再次运行数据库备份脚本,将当前状态的数据库,再做一次备份。
[root@CentOS ~]# cd ← 回到脚本所在的root用户的根目录[root@CentOS ~]# ./mysql-backup.sh ← 运行脚本进行数据库备份 |
接下来,我们再次登录到MySQL服务器中,对测试用的数据库test进行一些修改,以便于测试数据恢复能否成功。
[root@sample ~]# mysql -u root -p ← 用root登录到MySQL服务器 Enter password: ← 输入MySQL的root用户密码 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or /g. Your MySQL connection id is 15 to server version: 4.1.20 Type 'help;' or '/h' for help. Type '/c' to clear the buffer. mysql> use test ← 连接到test数据库 Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> update test set name='Shit,Windows'; ← 然后将test中表的值重新定义为“Shit,Windows”(原来为“Hello,CentOS”) Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from test; ← 确认test中的表被定义的值 +------+--------------------+ | num | name | +------+-------------------+ | 1 | Shit,Windows | ← 确认已经将原test数据库表中的值修改为新的值“Shit,Windows” +------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> exit ← 退出MySQL服务器 Bye |
以上,我们就等于模拟了数据库被篡改的过程。接下来,是数据库被“篡改”后,用备份进行恢复的方法。
[root@CentOS ~]# /bin/cp -Rf /backup/mysql/test/ /var/lib/mysql/ ← 复制备份的数据库test到相应目录 |
然后,再次登录到MySQL服务器上,看数据库是否被恢复到了被“篡改”之前的状态。
[root@CentOS ~]# mysql -u root -p ← 用root登录到MySQL服务器 Enter password: ← 输入MySQL的root用户密码 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or /g. Your MySQL connection id is 16 to server version: 4.1.20 Type 'help;' or '/h' for help. Type '/c' to clear the buffer. mysql> use test ← 连接到test数据库 Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> select * from test; ← 查看数据库中的内容 +------+----------------+ | num | name | +------+----------------+ | 1| Hello,CentOS | ← 确认数据表中的内容与被修改前定义的“Hello,CentOS”一样! +------+----------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> exit ← 退出MySQL服务器 Bye |
以上结果表示,数据库被修改后,用备份后的数据库成功的将数据恢复到了被“篡改”前的状态。
测试后…
测试完成后,将测试用过的遗留信息删除。
[root@CentOS ~]# mysql -u root -p ← 用root登录到MySQL服务器 Enter password: ← 输入MySQL的root用户密码 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or /g. Your MySQL connection id is 19 to server version: 4.1.20 Type 'help;' or '/h' for help. Type '/c' to clear the buffer. mysql> use test ← 连接到test数据库 Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> drop table test; ← 删除test数据库中的表 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> drop database test; ← 删除测试用数据库test Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; ← 查看当前存在的数据库 +-------------+ | Database | +-------------+ | mysql | ← 确认测试用数据库test不存在、已被删除 +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> exit ← 退出MySQL服务器 Bye |
以上介绍了用我们自己建立的一段Shell脚本,通过mysqlhotcopy来备份数据库的方法。
对于许多个人爱好者来说,组建服务器可能不是很考虑数据被破坏以及数据被破坏后的恢复工作。但不能不说,对于服务器来说,数据破坏后的恢复效率也是区 别业余和专业的因素之一。所以笔者建议,在您配置好了Web服务器以及MySQL服务器等等的时候,千万不要急于应用它,而要想办法在有限的(硬件、软件)条件下使它“坚不可摧”之后,再考虑应用的问题。
而且,以上介绍的方法中提到的数据库自动备份脚本虽然被设置为每天定时运行,但当您运行某些与MySQL相关联的程序(论坛、社区等等)时,做一些可 能危及数据安全的操作的时候,运行数据库备份脚本即时备份当前状态数据库,也是非常有帮助的,至少可以在出现问题后保证数据库方面的可恢复性。

ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

The relationship between SQL and MySQL is the relationship between standard languages and specific implementations. 1.SQL is a standard language used to manage and operate relational databases, allowing data addition, deletion, modification and query. 2.MySQL is a specific database management system that uses SQL as its operating language and provides efficient data storage and management.

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


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