How to use Python functions

1. How to use a function

Define first and then call it. In the definition phase, only the syntax is detected and the code is not executed.

In the calling phase, start Execution code

Functions all have return values

There are no parameters when defining, and there are no parameters when calling

There are parameters when defining, and there must be parameters when calling

2. Default parameter trap

2.1 For variable data types, immutable data types are not affected

def c(a=[]):
    a.append(1)
    print(a)
c()
c()
c()

Result:

[1]
[ 1, 1]
[1, 1, 1]

def c(a=[]):
    a.append(1)
    print(a)
c([])
c([])
c([])

Result:

[1]
[1]
[1]

3. Namespace and scope

The namespace is the place (memory space) used to store the binding relationship between the name and the value memory address

Any search The value must be through the name. To access the name, you must look up the namespace

The namespace is divided into three categories

Built-in namespace: It is stored in the python interpreter. The name

life cycle: takes effect when the interpreter is started, and becomes invalid when the interpreter is closed

Global name space: stores file-level names

Life cycle: It takes effect when the interpreter interprets and executes the python file, and becomes invalid after the file is executed.

Local namespace: The name defined within the function

Life cycle: This is only temporarily generated when the function is called. The local namespace of the function, which will be invalid after the function is called.

Loading order

Built-in->Global->Local

The order of searching names

Search upward based on the current location

Assuming that you are currently standing in the local area, the search order is: local->global->built-in

Assuming that you are currently standing in the global world, the search order is: global -> The search order of the built-in

names has been fixed during the function definition stage (that is, the search order of the names has been determined when checking the syntax). It has nothing to do with the calling position of the function

That is to say, no matter where the function is called, you must go back to the location where the function was originally defined to determine the search relationship of the name

Scope: Scope refers to It is the scope of action

Global scope: Contains the names in the built-in name space and the global name space

Features: Globally valid, global survival

Local scope: Contains names in the local namespace

Features: Locally valid, temporary survival

global: Declaring a name locally comes from the global scope and can be used to modify the global locally. Immutable type

nonlocal: Declare a name from the scope of the outer layer of the current layer, which can be used to locally modify the immutable type of the outer function

4. Closure The function

is defined inside the function and contains a reference to the scope name of the external function. It is necessary to combine the concept of function objects to return the closure function to the global scope for use, thereby breaking the hierarchical restrictions of the function

The closure function provides a solution for passing values ​​into the function body

def func():
    name='egon'
    def inner():
        print(name)
    return inner
inner = func()
inner()

5. Parameters of the function

5.1 Definition stage

Position shape Parameters

Formal parameters defined in sequence from left to right in the definition phase

Default formal parameters

has been defined in the definition phase Its initialization assignment

Keyword parameters

Free theme

Variable length formal parameters args

Overflowed positional parameters, Packed into a tuple, given to accept, and assigned to the variable name of args

Named keyword parameters

Parameters placed between * and must follow key=value Format value transfer

Variable length positional parameters kwargs

Overflow keyword arguments are packed into a dictionary, accepted by **, and assigned to the variable kwargs

Form Relationship between parameters and actual parameters: When calling a function, the value of the actual parameter will be bound to the variable name of the formal parameter. This binding relationship is temporarily effective and will become invalid after the call is completed.

5.2 Calling Phase

Positional parameters

In the calling phase, the values ​​passed in from left to right will correspond to the formal parameters one-to-one

Keyword actual parameters

In the calling phase, the values ​​are passed to the formal parameters according to the key=value format.

If there is * in the actual parameter, then the value is passed. Before passing the value, first break it into positional actual parameters, and then assign the value

The ** in the actual parameter, before passing the value, break it into keyword actual parameters, and then assign the value

6. Decorator: Application of closure function

Decorator is a tool used to add new functions to the decorated object

**Note:**The decorator itself can be anything A callable object, the decorated object can also be any callable object

Why use decorators

**Open and closed principle:**Closed refers to being closed to modifications and closed to extensions Open

6.1 The implementation of decorators must follow two major principles

1. Do not modify the source code of the decorated object`

2. Do not modify the call of the decorated object Method

The goal of the decorator is to add new functions to the decorated object under the premise of following the principles 1 and 2

6.2 Decorator syntactic sugar

After being decorated Write the name of @decorator

on a separate line directly above the object

python解释器一旦运行到@装饰器的名字,就会调用装饰器,然后将被装饰函数的内存地址当作参数传给装饰器,最后将装饰器调用的结果赋值给原函数名 foo=auth(foo) 此时的foo是闭包函数wrapper

6.3无参装饰器

import time
def timmer(func):
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
        start_time=time.time()
        res=func(*args,**kwargs)
        stop_time=time.time()
        print('run time is %s' %(stop_time-start_time))
        return res
    return wrapper

@timmer
def foo():
    time.sleep(3)
    print('from foo')
foo()

6.4有参装饰器

def auth(driver='file'):
    def auth3(func):
        def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
            name=input("user: ")
            pwd=input("pwd: ")

        if driver == 'file':
            if name == 'egon' and pwd == '123':
                print('login successful')
                res=func(*args,**kwargs)
                return res
        elif driver == 'ldap':
            print('ldap')
    return wrapper
return auth3

@auth(driver='file')
def foo(name):
    print(name)

foo('egon')

7.题目

#题目一：
db='db.txt'
login_status={'user':None,'status':False}
def auth(auth_type='file'):
    def auth3(func):
        def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
            if login_status['user'] and login_status['status']:
                return func(*args,**kwargs)
            if auth_type == 'file':
                with open(db,encoding='utf-8') as f:
                    dic=eval(f.read())
                name=input('username: ').strip()
                password=input('password: ').strip()
                if name in dic and password == dic[name]:
                    login_status['user']=name
                    login_status['status']=True
                    res=func(*args,**kwargs)
                    return res
                else:
                    print('username or password error')
            elif auth_type == 'sql':
                pass
            else:
                pass
        return wrapper
    return auth3

@auth()
def index():
    print('index')

@auth(auth_type='file')
def home(name):
    print('welcome %s to home' %name)


# index()
# home('egon')

#题目二
import time,random
user={'user':None,'login_time':None,'timeout':0.000003,}

def timmer(func):
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
        s1=time.time()
        res=func(*args,**kwargs)
        s2=time.time()
        print('%s' %(s2-s1))
        return res
    return wrapper


def auth(func):
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
        if user['user']:
            timeout=time.time()-user['login_time']
            if timeout < user[&#39;timeout&#39;]:
                return func(*args,**kwargs)
        name=input(&#39;name>>: &#39;).strip()
        password=input(&#39;password>>: &#39;).strip()
        if name == &#39;egon&#39; and password == &#39;123&#39;:
            user[&#39;user&#39;]=name
            user[&#39;login_time&#39;]=time.time()
            res=func(*args,**kwargs)
            return res
    return wrapper

@auth
def index():
    time.sleep(random.randrange(3))
    print(&#39;welcome to index&#39;)

@auth
def home(name):
    time.sleep(random.randrange(3))
    print(&#39;welcome %s to home &#39; %name)

index()
home(&#39;egon&#39;)

#题目三：简单版本
import requests
import os
cache_file=&#39;cache.txt&#39;
def make_cache(func):
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
        if not os.path.exists(cache_file):
            with open(cache_file,&#39;w&#39;):pass

        if os.path.getsize(cache_file):
            with open(cache_file,&#39;r&#39;,encoding=&#39;utf-8&#39;) as f:
                res=f.read()
        else:
            res=func(*args,**kwargs)
            with open(cache_file,&#39;w&#39;,encoding=&#39;utf-8&#39;) as f:
                f.write(res)
        return res
    return wrapper

@make_cache
def get(url):
    return requests.get(url).text


# res=get(&#39;https://www.python.org&#39;)

# print(res)

#题目四:扩展版本
import requests,os,hashlib
engine_settings={
    &#39;file&#39;:{&#39;dirname&#39;:&#39;./db&#39;},
    &#39;mysql&#39;:{
        &#39;host&#39;:&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;,
        &#39;port&#39;:3306,
        &#39;user&#39;:&#39;root&#39;,
        &#39;password&#39;:&#39;123&#39;},
    &#39;redis&#39;:{
        &#39;host&#39;:&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;,
        &#39;port&#39;:6379,
        &#39;user&#39;:&#39;root&#39;,
        &#39;password&#39;:&#39;123&#39;},
}

def make_cache(engine=&#39;file&#39;):
    if engine not in engine_settings:
        raise TypeError(&#39;egine not valid&#39;)
    def deco(func):
        def wrapper(url):
            if engine == &#39;file&#39;:
                m=hashlib.md5(url.encode(&#39;utf-8&#39;))
                cache_filename=m.hexdigest()
                cache_filepath=r&#39;%s/%s&#39; %(engine_settings[&#39;file&#39;][&#39;dirname&#39;],cache_filename)

                if os.path.exists(cache_filepath) and os.path.getsize(cache_filepath):
                    return open(cache_filepath,encoding=&#39;utf-8&#39;).read()

                res=func(url)
                with open(cache_filepath,&#39;w&#39;,encoding=&#39;utf-8&#39;) as f:
                    f.write(res)
                return res
            elif engine == &#39;mysql&#39;:
                pass
            elif engine == &#39;redis&#39;:
                pass
            else:
                pass

        return wrapper
    return deco

@make_cache(engine=&#39;file&#39;)
def get(url):
    return requests.get(url).text

# print(get(&#39;https://www.python.org&#39;))
print(get(&#39;https://www.baidu.com&#39;))


#题目五
route_dic={}

def make_route(name):
    def deco(func):
        route_dic[name]=func
    return deco
@make_route(&#39;select&#39;)
def func1():
    print(&#39;select&#39;)

@make_route(&#39;insert&#39;)
def func2():
    print(&#39;insert&#39;)

@make_route(&#39;update&#39;)
def func3():
    print(&#39;update&#39;)

@make_route(&#39;delete&#39;)
def func4():
    print(&#39;delete&#39;)

print(route_dic)


#题目六
import time
import os

def logger(logfile):
    def deco(func):
        if not os.path.exists(logfile):
            with open(logfile,&#39;w&#39;):pass

        def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
            res=func(*args,**kwargs)
            with open(logfile,&#39;a&#39;,encoding=&#39;utf-8&#39;) as f:
                f.write(&#39;%s %s run\n&#39; %(time.strftime(&#39;%Y-%m-%d %X&#39;),func.__name__))
            return res
        return wrapper
    return deco

@logger(logfile=&#39;aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.log&#39;)
def index():
    print(&#39;index&#39;)

index()

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