Oracle数据库是业界最知名、使用最普遍的关系型数据库系统之一,广泛应用于许多企业和组织中,为数据管理和业务支持提供了强大的支持。本文将介绍Oracle数据库的安装和基本配置流程。
一、安装Oracle数据库
1.系统要求
安装Oracle数据库前,需要确认系统是否符合以下要求:
- 操作系统:Windows Server 2008或以上,Linux等
- 内存:至少4GB
- 硬盘空间: 30GB以上
- CPU:至少4核
2.下载安装程序
可以在Oracle官方网站下载安装程序(https://www.oracle.com/downloads/index.html),在此我们将以Oracle Database 12c Release 2为例。下载后可以选择解压缩到任意目录。
3.运行安装程序
双击解压后的"setup.exe"文件,开始安装程序。首先进入Welcome界面,直接点击“Next”进入下一步。
4.选择安装类型
接下来选择安装类型。
- “Desktop class”,适用于单用户或者开发环境;
- “Server class”,适用于企业级别的生产环境。
此处选择“Server class”模式,点击“Next”。
5.选项配置
根据需要进行选项配置。此处使用默认设置,直接点击“Next”进行下一步。
6.设置Oracle Home目录
指定Oracle Home目录,也可以使用默认值。Oracle Home目录是Oracle软件安装的根目录,包含软件的配置文件、日志、组件等信息。此处可自定义或者使用默认值,点击“Next”继续。
7.设置配置类型
设置Database Configuration Type,可选类型如下:
- “Create database”,用于创建全新的Oracle数据库。
- “Upgrade database”,用于升级已经存在的Oracle数据库。
- “Install database software only”,仅安装Oracle数据库软件而不创建数据库。
此处选择“Create database”,然后点击“Next”。
8.设置数据库类型
选择数据库类型,此处选择“Single instance database installation”,即单实例数据库安装模式,然后点击“Next”。
9.配置数据库
此处需要进行数据库配置,包括数据库名称、字符集等选项。根据实际需求设置,然后点击“Next”。
10.设置数据库管理员密码
设置数据库管理员(SYS)口令并确认,然后点击“Next”。
11.选择安装选项
接下来会列出要安装的组件清单,选择需要的组件并点击“Next”。
12.设置完毕
在最后一个界面确认所选的配置信息,如果正确无误则可以点击“Install”开始安装。
13.安装过程
Oracle安装过程需要一定时间,期间会有多个进程和组件需要安装。
14.安装成功
当出现安装成功提示界面时,Oracle数据库已经成功安装完毕。
二、基本配置
1.启动数据库
Oracle安装成功后,默认情况下数据库不会自动启动,需要手动启动。以Windows Server 2008为例,可以通过以下步骤启动数据库:
(1)打开管理工具,找到”Oracle Services for ORCL”服务,右键单击并选择“启动”菜单项。
(2)或者可以在命令行中进入Oracle Home目录并执行以下命令:
SQL> @C:\app\oracle\product\12.2.0\dbhome_1\NETWORK\ADMIN\LISTENER.ORA SQL> lsnrctl start SQL> sqlplus / as sysdba SQL> startup
Notice:
以上命令中, @C:\app\oracle\product\12.2.0\dbhome_1\NETWORK\ADMIN\LISTENER.ORA
用于启动监听器服务, startup
命令用于启动Oracle数据库服务。
2.连接数据库
Oracle数据库安装成功后,第一步即连接到它。以SQLPlus工具为例,可以通过以下步骤连接到Oracle数据库:
(1)打开SQLPlus命令行工具。
(2)在命令框中输入sqlplus / as sysdba
并回车,即可连接到已经启动的Oracle数据库实例。
3.创建用户
用户是使用Oracle数据库的关键,必须先创建用户才能使用数据库。以SQLPlus为例,可以通过以下步骤创建用户:
(1)在SQLPlus中登录到SYS管理员账号:
Sqlplus / as sysdba
(2)在SQLPlus命令框中输入以下命令以创建用户:
CREATE USER my_user IDENTIFIED BY my_password;
(3)为新建的用户授予权限:
GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO my_user;
4.创建数据表
数据表是Oracle数据库的核心,用户通过创建表存储数据。以SQLPlus为例,可以通过以下步骤创建数据表:
(1)在SQLPlus中登录到my_user账号:
Sqlplus my_user/my_password
(2)在SQLPlus命令框中创建数据表:
CREATE TABLE my_table ( ID NUMBER, NAME VARCHAR2(20) );
Notice:
以上命令中,my_table是数据表名,ID和NAME是字段。
三、总结
通过以上安装及配置流程,读者可以轻松学会Oracle数据库的基本操作,包括了Oracle的安装、基本配置及连接、用户/表的创建等操作。当然,除了这些操作外,还有更多其他的基础知识需要掌握。
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