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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL5.7虚拟列实现表达式索引_MySQL

MySQL自古以来就不提供函数索引这么复杂的功能。那怎么在MySQL里面实现这样的功能呢? 我们先来看看函数索引的概念。函数索引,也可称为表达式索引,也就是基于字段以特定函数(表达式)建立索引来提升查询性能之需。函数索引的优势在于更加精确的获取所需要的数据。


MySQL 5.7提供了一个新的特性,虚拟列,可以很完美的解决这个问题。
在介绍虚拟列之前,我们来看看在MySQL里面普通索引的范例。
示例表结构:

CREATE TABLE t1 (id INT ,rank INT, log_time DATETIME, nickname VARCHAR(64)) ENGINE INNODB;
ALTER TABLE t1 ADD PRIMARY KEY (id), ADD KEY idx_rank (rank),ADD KEY idx_log_time (log_time);



示例表数据量,这里我增加了5000条记录:
mysql> select count(*) from t1;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|     5000 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)




假设我们来检索2015年4月9号的数据。(结果是有两条记录,id 分别为95和3423。)


mysql> SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE DATE(log_time) = '2015-04-09'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
      id: 95
    rank: 24
log_time: 2015-04-09 05:53:13
nickname: test
*************************** 2. row ***************************
      id: 3423
    rank: 42
log_time: 2015-04-09 02:55:38
nickname: test
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)




下来我们看看这条语句的查询计划。

mysql> explain SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE DATE(log_time) = '2015-04-09'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: t1
   partitions: NULL
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL
      key_len: NULL
          ref: NULL
         rows: 5000
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: Using where
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)



我们发现TYPE是ALL,扫描的函数是5000,也就是说这条语句进行了一个全表扫描。 虽然给字段log_time 加了索引,但是没有用到,那这个时候怎么办?
在MySQL里面一般这样修改:
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE log_time >= &#39;2015-04-09 00:00:00&#39; AND log_time <=&#39;2015-04-10 00:00:00&#39;\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
      id: 3423
    rank: 42
log_time: 2015-04-09 02:55:38
nickname: test
*************************** 2. row ***************************
      id: 95
    rank: 24
log_time: 2015-04-09 05:53:13
nickname: test
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)




通过查询结果,发现结果集一致,那再来看看查询计划




mysql> explain SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE log_time >= &#39;2015-04-09 00:00:00&#39; AND log_time <= &#39;2015-04-10 00:00:00&#39;\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: t1
   partitions: NULL
         type: range
possible_keys: idx_log_time
          key: idx_log_time
      key_len: 6
          ref: NULL
         rows: 2
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: Using index condition
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)




可以看到这条修改过的语句很好的利用到了idx_log_time这条索引。


那好,这个是之前在MySQL 5.6以及之前的旧版本解决方法,随着MySQL 5.7的发布,虚拟列的出现让这个问题更加简单。
现在修改下之前的表结构:


ALTER TABLE t1 ADD COLUMN log_date  DATE AS (DATE(log_Time)) stored, ADD KEY idx_log_date (log_date);




这样,增加了一新列,用来存放date(log_time)这个表达式,并且给他加了一列索引。


那么,之前的语句就变成如下:
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE log_date = &#39;2015-04-09&#39;\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
      id: 95
    rank: 24
log_time: 2015-04-09 05:53:13
nickname: test
log_date: 2015-04-09
*************************** 2. row ***************************
      id: 3423
    rank: 42
log_time: 2015-04-09 02:55:38
nickname: test
log_date: 2015-04-09
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)




执行后结果集和之前的一致。


我们来看看查询计划,发现很好的利用了idx_log_date索引列。
mysql> explain  SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE log_date = &#39;2015-04-09&#39;\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: t1
   partitions: NULL
         type: ref
possible_keys: idx_log_date
          key: idx_log_date
      key_len: 4
          ref: const
         rows: 2
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: NULL
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)



通过以上介绍,我们看到虚拟列实现起来相对之前的方法来的容易的多。但是这里笔者还是得说上几句。
函数索引的用法以及SQL语句虽然写起来简单,但是在大部分场合下,只能说不得已而为之,是一种设计上的缺陷,后期增加了运维人员的运维难度以及繁琐度。这也就是为什么MySQL 直到5.7才推出了这项类似的功能的原因。

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