Let’s talk about oracle database stored procedures

In Oracle database, a stored procedure is a reusable block of code that can be called by other programs or applications. Stored procedures can receive parameters, execute multiple SQL statements, process and calculate data, execute a certain piece of code in a loop, and so on. A stored procedure consists of one or more SQL statements, and in a single execution, multiple SQL statements can be executed without having to repeatedly interact with the database.

Stored procedures are often used as part of complex transactions to ensure the atomicity and consistency of transactions. If you execute multiple SQL statements within a complex transaction, errors or inconsistent results may occur. However, if you combine these SQL statements in a stored procedure, you can ensure that these statements are executed atomically, that is, either all statements are executed successfully or all statements are rolled back. In addition, stored procedures can also improve execution efficiency and avoid the overhead of establishing and closing connections each time a SQL statement is executed.

The syntax for creating a stored procedure is as follows:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name
(parameter1 [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type1,
 parameter2 [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type2,
 ...
 parameterN [IN | OUT | IN OUT] typeN)
IS
[local_variable_declarations;]

BEGIN
 SQL_statements;
 [EXCEPTION
   exception_section;]

END [procedure_name];

Among them:

• procedure_name: The name of the stored procedure.
• parameter1, parameter2, … parameterN: Parameters of the stored procedure.
• type1, type2, … typeN: Data type of parameter.
• local_variable_declarations: The declaration of local variables in the stored procedure, used for calculation or processing in the stored procedure.
• SQL_statements: The actual execution batch SQL statements of the stored procedure.
• exception_section: Exception handler in stored procedure.

The following is an example of using a stored procedure:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE get_all_employees
IS
BEGIN
  SELECT * FROM employees;
END;

This stored procedure is named get_all_employees, has no parameters, and its purpose is to return all employee records. When this stored procedure is executed, all employee records will be returned.

In stored procedures, you can also use functions such as conditional statements, loop statements, cursors, and exception handling. Here is a more complex example:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calculate_salary
(
  in_emp_id IN employees.employee_id%TYPE,
  out_salary OUT NUMBER
)
IS
  emp_name employees.last_name%TYPE;
  emp_salary employees.salary%TYPE;
BEGIN
  SELECT last_name, salary INTO emp_name, emp_salary
  FROM employees
  WHERE employee_id = in_emp_id;

  IF emp_salary > 5000 THEN
    out_salary := emp_salary * 1.2;
  ELSE
    out_salary := emp_salary * 1.1;
  END IF;

  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('员工姓名: ' || emp_name);
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('原薪资： ' || emp_salary);
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('计算后薪资： ' || out_salary);
EXCEPTION
  WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('员工ID未找到。');
END;

The parameters of this stored procedure include the input parameter employee_id and the output parameter salary. The function of the stored procedure is to retrieve employee records based on the employee_id parameter, calculate the employee's salary, and assign a value to the out_salary parameter. If the specified employee_id does not exist, the stored procedure will throw an exception.

Stored procedures can not only improve the efficiency and security of the database, but also make the application more modular and improve the reusability of the code. Stored procedures can be created and saved in the database and made available to all applications. In addition, stored procedures can also be executed periodically to perform certain background tasks, such as backing up and archiving data.

In general, Oracle database stored procedures are a powerful and flexible tool that can be used to handle complex database behaviors and transactions. Since stored procedures can be reused, the efficiency of the entire database system is naturally improved and the performance of the database is improved. Therefore, learning how to write stored procedures will be a great help in your career development.

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