Let's talk about knowledge about the underlying implementation of Golang

Golang, also known as Go language, is a programming language developed by Google. It is widely used in the development of Internet applications, such as server programs, cloud computing, blockchain and other fields. The underlying implementation of Golang has become an important part of understanding and mastering Golang technology. This article mainly explains the relevant knowledge about the underlying implementation of Golang.

1. Golang’s compilation principle

Golang’s compilation principle is divided into three steps: code writing, compiler analysis and machine code generation.

(1) Code writing

Different from other programming languages, Golang uses literal writing, which can provide higher program readability. The following is an example of Golang literals:

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
  fmt.Println("Hello, Golang!")
}

(2) Compiler analysis

Golang’s compiler is based on the LLVM (Low Level Virtual Machine) platform. The source code file is passed to the compiler, which is then scanned and parsed line by line. During parsing, the compiler checks whether the code conforms to the rules, including syntax, semantics, etc. If there are errors in the code, the compiler will give an error message.

(3) Machine code generation

Once the compiler completes parsing, it starts generating machine code. This process is called "code generation". The compiler converts Golang source code into LLVM IR (Intermediate Representation) intermediate representation, and then converts LLVM IR into the instruction set of the target machine.

2. Golang’s memory management

Golang has a modern memory management mechanism and realizes automatic memory management through the garbage collector (Garbage Collector). This makes Golang more efficient and stable when handling large applications.

The garbage collector is an automated memory management system that is responsible for reclaiming unused memory. In Golang, all allocated memory is allocated dynamically and only when used. Golang's garbage collector can identify inaccessible objects without any references and recycle them, thus avoiding memory leaks.

In addition, Golang also uses stack memory management based on copy-on-write (Copy-On-Write) technology. When a function is called, Golang allocates memory for local variables and function parameters in the stack space of the current thread. In this way, Golang can quickly create and destroy stack frames and improve program execution efficiency.

3. Golang’s coroutine implementation

Golang is a language that supports concurrent programming. It implements the Goroutine mechanism to support large-scale concurrent processing. Goroutine is a lightweight thread that can be created independently by users. Golang's coroutine mechanism is efficient and simple, and is suitable for handling I/O-intensive tasks and network programming.

In Golang, coroutines are implemented as user-space threads. This means that Golang can run multiple coroutines in one operating system thread. Golang dynamically schedules between coroutines, so it can achieve excellent performance in high-concurrency application scenarios.

Unlike operating system threads, coroutines do not need to be blocked, they can be started and stopped at any point in time. In addition, Golang also provides some built-in functions and features, such as "Channels" (Channels), "Selectors" (Selectors), etc., to help achieve effective and efficient communication and synchronization between coroutines.

4. Golang's interface implementation

Golang supports object-oriented programming mode, but it does not have the concept of classes, but uses interfaces to achieve polymorphism. An interface is an abstraction of a set of methods. It defines which methods an object should have, but does not limit the implementation method.

In Golang, the interface is not defined as an independent type, but is passed in as a parameter of the function. In this way, Golang achieves non-intrusive interface definition. This means that users can define different interfaces and "mix" them together without having to modify the code or refactor existing code.

Interface is a major feature of the Golang language. It can provide us with many convenient and efficient functions, such as code scalability and reusability.

5. Security implementation of Golang language

Golang is designed as a safe language, and it implements a variety of security features in both the language and runtime. Golang's security features include the following aspects:

(1) Memory security

Golang uses a garbage collection mechanism to avoid problems such as memory leaks and memory overflows. In addition, Golang also provides a SafePoint mechanism to perform garbage collection operations in the process collection point (SafePoint), thus avoiding problems such as lock competition and deadlock.

(2) Type safety

Golang is a statically typed language that can check type errors at compile time. This type checking mechanism effectively avoids problems such as type conversion errors and null pointer access.

(3) Concurrency security

Golang adopts the coroutine mechanism to achieve efficient concurrent operations through scheduling and synchronizing coroutines. In addition, Golang also provides some built-in locks and synchronization mechanisms, such as mutex locks, read-write locks, and condition variables, making concurrent operations safer and more reliable.

(4) Network security

Golang provides a standard library to support network security features such as TLS/SSL encrypted communication, HTTP protocol security authentication, and prevention of DDoS attacks, making application network communication more secure.

Summarize

As a new programming language, Golang's underlying implementation includes compilation principles, memory management, coroutine mechanism, interface implementation and security features. Understanding these underlying implementations of Golang will help us better understand and master this programming language. At the same time, Golang has good advantages in performance, reliability and security, and is suitable for many fields.

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