Explore how to implement hot deployment in Golang applications

In software development, hot deployment is a very important technology, which allows us to update the application at runtime without interrupting the operation. During this process we can preserve the state of the application and deploy new versions of the updated application to our servers without any downtime.

In recent years, a programming language called Golang has become increasingly popular. Golang is a project initiated by Google. Its design goal is to make it easier and more efficient to write high-performance, high-reliability applications. Golang's hot deployment feature is an exciting topic. Let's explore how to implement hot deployment in Golang applications.

One of Golang’s strengths is its natural scalability and fault tolerance. These advantages make it ideal for building highly available applications. Although Golang cannot handle all errors in the code as gracefully as some dynamically typed languages, it does allow us to hot deploy quite easily.

We can use some tools in the standard library provided by Golang to implement hot deployment, including signal, reflect, selinux, etc. The signal package can be used to capture operating system signals, while the reflect package allows us to inspect and modify the code at runtime. The selinux package can be used to manage application security.

We can use the reflect package to write a small sample application. In this application, we can use the reflect package to load code from another function. This allows us to modify the code at runtime and update the application.

Here is the sample code:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "os"
    "os/signal"
    "reflect"
    "sync"
    "syscall"
    "time"
)

func main() {
    done := make(chan bool)
    wg := sync.WaitGroup{}

    wg.Add(1)
    go Monitor(done, &wg)

    for n := 0; n < 100; n++ {
        fmt.Println(n)
        time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
    }

    done <- true
    wg.Wait()
}

func Monitor(done chan bool, wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
    defer wg.Done()

    c := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
    signal.Notify(c, syscall.SIGHUP)

    for {
        select {
        case <-done:
            return
        case <-c:
            fmt.Println("Reloading...")
            Reload()
            fmt.Println("Reloaded!")
        }
    }
}

func Reload() {
    fmt.Println("Before reload")

    f, err := os.Open("test.go")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return
    }

    buf := make([]byte, 1024)
    incompleteLine := ""
    for {
        n, _ := f.Read(buf)
        if n == 0 {
            break
        }
        incompleteLine, _ = checkLines(buf[:n], incompleteLine)
    }

    fmt.Println("Loading new code")
    code := fmt.Sprintf(`package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func run() {
    fmt.Println("New code is running")
}
`)
    Set("run", code)
}

func checkLines(buf []byte, incompleteLine string) (string, error) {
    line := incompleteLine + string(buf)

    complete := true
    for j := 0; j < len(line); j++ {
        if line[j] == '\n' {
            //run complete line...
            fmt.Println(line[:j])
            complete = false
        }
    }
    if complete {
        return "", nil
    }
    return line, nil
}

func Set(funcName string, code string) {
    codeVal := reflect.ValueOf(&code).Elem()
    ptrToCode := codeVal.Addr().Interface().(*string)

    // use function name as package name
    fn := funcName + ": "

    b := []byte(*ptrToCode)
    _, err := Compile(fn, b)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
    }

    // create a new function value of the same type as Run
    v := reflect.MakeFunc(reflect.TypeOf(Run), Compile(fn, b))

    // copy it in
    f := reflect.ValueOf(Run).Elem()
    f.Set(v)
}

func Compile(fn string, src []byte) (func(), error) {
    // no optimization means no inlining, etc, which means func values are inherently invalid
    f, err := CompileWithOpt(fn, src, 0)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return f, nil
}

func CompileWithOpt(fn string, src []byte, opt int) (func(), error) {
    // we'll prepend some code to show the function name on panics
    src = append([]byte("func "+fn+"() {\n"), src...)
    src = append(src, '\n', '}')

    parsed, err := parser.ParseFile(token.NewFileSet(), "", src, parser.AllErrors)

    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    conf := types.Config{}
    info := &types.Info{}

    pkgs, err := conf.Check("", token.NewFileSet(), []*ast.File{parsed}, info)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    pkg := pkgs

    for _, n := range parsed.Decls {
        fn, ok := n.(*ast.FuncDecl)
        if !ok {
            continue
        }
        if fn.Name.Name != "run" {
            continue
        }
        var buf bytes.Buffer
        if err := printer.Fprint(&buf, token.NewFileSet(), fn); err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }

        fmt.Println("Compile", buf.String())
    }

    code := string(src)
    fn := func() {
        fmt.Println("Before run")

        err = eval(code, pkg, info)
        if err != nil {
            fmt.Println(err)
            return
        }

        fmt.Println("After run")
    }
    return fn, nil
}

func eval(code string, pkg *types.Package, info *types.Info) error {
    fset := token.NewFileSet()
    file, err := parser.ParseFile(fset, "", code, 0)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return err
    }

    conf := types.Config{
        Importer: importer.From("gc", nil, types.GcImport),
    }
    checker := types.NewChecker(&conf, fset, pkg, info)

    if _, err := checker.Files([]*ast.File{file}); err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return err
    }

    // compile/run, like in the previous example
    var buf bytes.Buffer
    if err := printer.Fprint(&buf, fset, file); err != nil {
        return err
    }

    fmt.Println(buf.String())

    return nil
}

func Run() {
    fmt.Println("Current code is running")
}

In this example, we can see that the Reload() function will be called when the application makes changes. The Reload() function reads new code from a file called "test.go" and adds it to the application using the reflect package.

It should be noted that loading new code into the application may involve compiling some code, which will have a certain impact on the performance of the application. However, the advantages of hot deployment far outweigh the performance penalty.

Before ending, it should be pointed out that this is just a simple sample program. In practice, hot deployment needs to take into account many aspects, such as the complexity of the application, the number of files that need to be updated, and the different parts of the application.

In short, by using Golang’s reflect and signal packages, we can easily implement hot deployment. Although it may have some impact on the performance of the application, this technique allows us to easily update the code without closing the application.

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