How to use PHP to implement MySQL table partitioning to improve query efficiency

As web applications continue to grow in size, data storage and access become increasingly difficult. Especially in large websites, the amount of data is very large, and how to query data efficiently has become an important issue.

MySQL is one of the most popular databases, and PHP is one of the most popular programming languages. This article will discuss how to use PHP to implement MySQL sharding to improve query efficiency.

1. What is a sub-table?

In MySQL, tables are the main form of data storage. If millions of records are stored in a table, querying the data becomes very slow because MySQL needs to scan the entire table to find the required data. In order to improve query speed, a large table can be split into multiple small tables, and each table stores a portion of the data. This technique is called sharding.

2. Why divide the table?

In large websites, it is very common to have tables with millions or hundreds of millions of records. Not only do these tables require a lot of storage space, but they are also very slow to query. Therefore, the main purpose of table sharding is to solve these problems and improve the query speed and response time of the database by storing data in multiple small tables.

3. How to divide the table?

Before splitting tables, you should first determine how to split the data. Data can be segmented according to time, region, user and other methods. For example, you can split the data into different tables according to different regions, or split the data into multiple monthly tables according to time. In practice, the best approach is to segment the data into chunks with similar properties for better organization and management.

After determining the division method, you can start to divide the tables. The specific steps are as follows:

Step 1: Create the database and table structure of the sub-table.

First, a new table structure needs to be created in the database to store scattered data. The table structure should be the same as the original table structure. For example, if the original table name is user, then the table names of the split tables can be user_1, user_2, etc.

Step 2: Insert data into scattered tables.

After creating the table structure, you can insert data into the split table. Various methods can be used to split data blocks depending on how they are split. For example, if you split your data by time, you can copy the data from the original table into the corresponding timetable.

Step 3: Query data.

When you need to query data, you need to send the query request to all shard tables and merge the results. In PHP, you can use the UNION operator to combine query results. For example, if you want to query the data registered by all users in August 2021, you can use the following query command:

SELECT * FROM user_202108
UNION
SELECT * FROM user_202109 ;

4. The impact of sub-tables on query efficiency

Table splitting can significantly improve query efficiency. For example, there are 10 million records in the original table, but only 1 million records in each split table. This way, when querying the data, MySQL only needs to scan 1 million records of each split table instead of scanning all records of the original table. This improves query efficiency and spreads the database load well.

5. Conclusion

This article discusses how to use PHP and MySQL sharding to improve query efficiency. Table sharding is an effective data management technique that can improve database access speed and response time in large websites. In practice, the splitting method should match the data attributes, and storing the data centrally in a single table should be avoided.

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