一个简单的测试:
start transaction;
insert into tb1 values(3, repeat('a', 65000),'x',1);
--commit;
rollback;
下图分别是 tb1.ibd 在插入前,回滚前,回滚后的文件大小:
有人在QQ群问:为什么回滚会导致tb1.idb的磁盘空间增大?
首先:131072-98304=163840-131072=32768
这里要存储 65000 个字符'a' ,那么字段类型应该是 text. 而 text 字段的处理是很特别的:
Each BLOB or TEXT value is represented internally by a separately allocated object. This is in contrast
to all other data types, for which storage is allocated once per column when the table is opened.
也就是说对于 text/blob 字段来说,它们是另外分配了一个专门的对象来存储,对它们的处理不会在内存中进行缓存,而是直接写入磁盘中。所以未提交时,就可以看到 tb1.idb 发生了增长。
而对于 insert 操作的 rollback,那么必须将之前插入的数据进行 delete 操作,而 delete 操作是逻辑操作,也就是设置一个标志位就行了,于是又分配了一个专门的对象来存储这个设置了删除标志的对象。于是磁盘空间增长了两次(暂时只能这么解释了...),每次都是 32768字节(2的15次方)。一旦提交或者rollback,磁盘空间就可以被回收。
为什么是 32768呢?
text的最大存储空间是 65656 个字节,每次分配的最小单位是 32768字节。
也就是 insert 和 rollback 都导致了一次 text 字段磁盘空间的增长分配,而分配的最小单位是32768.
如何你将 repeat('a',65000) 换成: repeat('a',65535) 在进行测试,你会发现,insert 时,tb1.idb会增长65536,在执行rollback时也会导致 tb1.idb 再次增长32768。
所以应该是 rollback 会导致 text 字段另外分配一次空间,而分配的最小单位是32768。可能和 text 字段的存储结构有关系。这个需要看源码了。
测试表明,其它非 text 字段的 rollback 操作,不会导致 ibd 文件增大。
测试建表语句如下:
mysql> show create table tb1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: tb1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tb1` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`webtext` text COLLATE utf8mb4_bin,
`tp` varchar(2) COLLATE utf8mb4_bin DEFAULT NULL,
`se` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=8 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_bin
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

The relationship between SQL and MySQL is the relationship between standard languages and specific implementations. 1.SQL is a standard language used to manage and operate relational databases, allowing data addition, deletion, modification and query. 2.MySQL is a specific database management system that uses SQL as its operating language and provides efficient data storage and management.

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


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