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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL中表子查询与关联子查询的基础学习教程_MySQL

MySQL 表子查询
表子查询是指子查询返回的结果集是 N 行 N 列的一个表数据。
MySQL 表子查询实例
下面是用于例子的两张原始数据表:
article 表:

2015121895547250.png (640×131)

blog 表:

2015121895608029.png (642×104)

SQL 如下:

SELECT * FROM article WHERE (title,content,uid) IN (SELECT title,content,uid FROM blog)

查询返回结果如下所示:

20151218100320512.png (642×84)

该 SQL 的意义在于查找 article 表中指定的字段同时也存在于 blog 表中的所有的行(注意 = 比较操作符换成了 IN),实际上等同于下面的条件语句:

SELECT * FROM article,blog 
WHERE (article.title=blog.title AND article.content=blog.content AND article.uid=blog.uid)

实际上,后面的语句是经过 MySQL 优化的而效率更高,或者也可以使用 MySQL JOIN 表连接来实现。在此使用该例子只是为了便于描述表子查询的用法。

MySQL 关联子查询
关联子查询是指一个包含对表的引用的子查询,该表也显示在外部查询中。通俗一点来讲,就是子查询引用到了主查询的数据数据。
以一个实际的例子来理解关联子查询:
article 文章表:

20151218100140774.png (643×127)

user 用户表:

2015121895813868.png (649×104)

我们要查出 article 表中的数据,但要求 article 中的某个或某些字段与 user 表字段有逻辑关系(本例为 uid 相等)。SQL 语句如下:

SELECT * FROM article WHERE uid IN(SELECT uid FROM user WHERE article.uid = user.uid)

返回查询结果如下:

2015121895947027.png (642×106)

将该例 SQL 与如下语句比较更能看出关联子查询与普通子查询的区别:

SELECT * FROM article WHERE uid IN(SELECT uid FROM user)

在本实例中,虽然两个 SQL 执行后的返回结果都一样,但它们的实现过程是完全不一样的。后者(普通子查询)实际被执行为:

SELECT * FROM article WHERE uid IN(1,2,3)

但在关联子查询中,是无法单独执行子查询语句的。其实际流程大致为:

  • 先做外部主查询;
  • 将主查询的值传入子查询并执行;
  • 子查询再将查询结果返回主查询,主查询根据返回结果完成最终的查询。

这个执行流程类似于 EXISTS 子查询,实际上某些情况下 MySQL 就是将关联子查询重写为 EXISTS 子查询来执行的。

MySQL 关联子查询效率
很明显,一般情况下关联子查询的效率是比较低下的,实际上本例中的关联子查询例子也仅是为了演示关联子查询的原理及用法。如果可以的话,关联子查询尽量使用 JOIN 或其他查询来代替。如本例中,使用 INNER JOIN 来替换的 SQL 为:

SELECT article.* FROM article INNER JOIN user ON article.uid = user.uid

注意:此处只是为了演示用 INNER JOIN 替换关联子查询的样例,并非表名这种处理是最优处理。

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