MySQL 为关系型数据库(Relational Database Management System), 这种所谓的"关系型"可以理解为"表格"的概念, 一个关系型数据库由一个或数个表格组成。
当我们需要修改数据表名或者修改数据表字段时,就需要使用到MySQL ALTER命令。
开始本章教程前让我们先创建一张表,表名为:testalter_tbl。
root@host# mysql -u root -p password; Enter password:******* mysql> use TUTORIALS; Database changed mysql> create table testalter_tbl -> ( -> i INT, -> c CHAR(1) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | i | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
删除,添加或修改表字段
如下命令使用了 ALTER 命令及 DROP 子句来删除以上创建表的 i 字段:
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP i;
如果数据表中只剩余一个字段则无法使用DROP来删除字段。
MySQL 中使用 ADD 子句来想数据表中添加列,如下实例在表 testalter_tbl 中添加 i 字段,并定义数据类型:
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD i INT;
执行以上命令后,i 字段会自动添加到数据表字段的末尾。
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | | | i | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果你需要指定新增字段的位置,可以使用MySQL提供的关键字 FIRST (设定位第一列), AFTER 字段名(设定位于某个字段之后)。
尝试以下 ALTER TABLE 语句, 在执行成功后,使用 SHOW COLUMNS 查看表结构的变化:
ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP i; ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD i INT FIRST; ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP i; ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD i INT AFTER c;
FIRST 和 AFTER 关键字只占用于 ADD 子句,所以如果你想重置数据表字段的位置就需要先使用 DROP 删除字段然后使用 ADD 来添加字段并设置位置。
修改字段类型及名称
如果需要修改字段类型及名称, 你可以在ALTER命令中使用 MODIFY 或 CHANGE 子句 。
例如,把字段 c 的类型从 CHAR(1) 改为 CHAR(10),可以执行以下命令:
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl MODIFY c CHAR(10);
使用 CHANGE 子句, 语法有很大的不同。 在 CHANGE 关键字之后,紧跟着的是你要修改的字段名,然后指定新字段的类型及名称。尝试如下实例:
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl CHANGE i j BIGINT; mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl CHANGE j j INT;
ALTER TABLE 对 Null 值和默认值的影响
当你修改字段时,你可以指定是否包含只或者是否设置默认值。
以下实例,指定字段 j 为 NOT NULL 且默认值为100 。
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl -> MODIFY j BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 100;
如果你不设置默认值,MySQL会自动设置该字段默认为 NULL。
修改字段默认值
你可以使用 ALTER 来修改字段的默认值,尝试以下实例:
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ALTER i SET DEFAULT 1000; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | | | i | int(11) | YES | | 1000 | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
你也可以使用 ALTER 命令及 DROP子句来删除字段的默认值,如下实例:
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ALTER i DROP DEFAULT; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | | | i | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) Changing a Table Type:
修改数据表类型,可以使用 ALTER 命令及 TYPE 子句来完成。尝试以下实例,我们将表 testalter_tbl 的类型修改为 MYISAM :
注意:查看数据表类型可以使用 SHOW TABLE STATUS 语句。
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl TYPE = MYISAM; mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'testalter_tbl'\G *************************** 1. row **************** Name: testalter_tbl Type: MyISAM Row_format: Fixed Rows: 0 Avg_row_length: 0 Data_length: 0 Max_data_length: 25769803775 Index_length: 1024 Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: NULL Create_time: 2007-06-03 08:04:36 Update_time: 2007-06-03 08:04:36 Check_time: NULL Create_options: Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
修改表名
如果需要修改数据表的名称,可以在 ALTER TABLE 语句中使用 RENAME 子句来实现。
尝试以下实例将数据表 testalter_tbl 重命名为 alter_tbl:
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl RENAME TO alter_tbl;
ALTER 命令还可以用来创建及删除MySQL数据表的索引,该功能我们会在接下来的章节中介绍。
以上所述是小编给大家介绍的MySQL 数据库 ALTER命令讲解的相关知识,希望对大家有所帮助,如果大家想了解更多资讯,敬请关注网站!

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