What are the five major positioning systems in the world?

The five major positioning systems in the world: 1. Beidou Satellite Navigation System, which is a global satellite navigation system independently developed by China; 2. GLONASS, which is a Russian global satellite navigation system; 3. GPS, It is a high-precision radio navigation positioning system based on artificial earth satellites developed by the United States; 4. Galileo satellite navigation system is a global satellite navigation and positioning system developed and established by the European Union; 5. Quasi-zenith satellite system is A satellite amplification system developed by Japan that uses three artificial satellites to complete the regional functions of the Global Positioning System through time transfer.

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The positioning system is an interrelated collection or device (component) formed with the goal of determining the spatial position. This system can ensure that at any time, at least 4 satellites can be observed at any point on the earth at the same time, ensuring that the satellites can collect the longitude, latitude and altitude of the observation point to achieve navigation, positioning, timing and other functions. This technology can be used to guide aircraft, ships, vehicles and individuals safely and accurately along selected routes to reach their destinations on time.

The world’s five major positioning systems

1. China’s Beidou Satellite Navigation System

Beidou Satellite The navigation system (English name: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, referred to as BDS) is a global satellite navigation system independently developed by China. It is also the third mature satellite navigation system after GPS and GLONASS. BeiDou Satellite Navigation System (BDS), American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and EU GALILEO are recognized suppliers by the United Nations Satellite Navigation Committee.

The Beidou satellite navigation system consists of three parts: the space segment, the ground segment and the user segment. It can provide high-precision, all-day, all-day services to all types of users around the world. It has high-reliability positioning, navigation, and timing services, and has short message communication capabilities. It has initially developed regional navigation, positioning, and timing capabilities. The positioning accuracy is decimeter and centimeter levels, the speed measurement accuracy is 0.2 meters/second, and the timing accuracy is 10 nanoseconds.

137 countries around the world have signed cooperation agreements with the Beidou Satellite Navigation System. With the success of global networking, the international application space of the Beidou satellite navigation system will continue to expand in the future.

2. Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System - GLONASS

GLONASS is the Russian word for "GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM" abbreviation. The system was first developed during the Soviet period, and the program was continued by Russia.

has been officially launched globally on January 1, 2011. According to data provided by the Information Center of the Russian Federal Space Agency (October 10, 2012), there are currently 24 satellites in normal operation, 3 under maintenance, 3 in reserve, and 1 under test.

The standard configuration of the "GLONASS" system is 24 satellites, and 18 satellites can ensure that the system provides all services to users in Russia. The satellites of this system are divided into two types: "GLONASS" and "GLONASS-M". The latter has a longer service life of up to 7 years. The "GLONASS-K" satellite under development can have an on-orbit working time of 10 to 12 years.

GLONASS technology can provide high-precision three-dimensional position, three-dimensional velocity and time information all-weather and continuously to various military and civilian users around the world on land, sea, air, and near-Earth space. GLONASS is superior to GPS after selective availability (SA) is applied in terms of positioning, speed measurement and timing accuracy, because Russia has promised to the International Civil Aviation and Maritime Organization to provide civil navigation services to users around the world.

3. The American GPS

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a high-precision radio navigation positioning based on artificial earth satellites. system, which can provide accurate geographical location, vehicle speed and precise time information anywhere in the world and in near-Earth space.

Since its inception, GPS has attracted many users with its high accuracy, all-weather, global coverage, convenience and flexibility. GPS is not only the patron saint of cars, but also the smart star of logistics industry management.

With the rapid development of the logistics industry, GPS plays a decisive role and has become the second largest major consumer group after the automobile market.

GPS was developed by the United States in the 1970s. It took 20 years and cost 20 billion US dollars. It was fully completed in 1994 and has all-round real-time three-dimensional navigation and positioning functions on sea, land and air. A first-generation satellite navigation and positioning system.

4. The European Union’s Galileo satellite navigation system

The Galileo satellite navigation system is a global satellite navigation and positioning system developed and established by the European Union. The plan was announced by the European Commission in February 1999. The European Commission and ESA are jointly responsible.

The system consists of 30 satellites with an orbital altitude of 23,616km, including 27 working satellites and 3 backup satellites. The satellite's orbital altitude is about 24,000 kilometers and is located in three orbital planes with an inclination of 56 degrees.

As of December 2016, 18 working satellites have been launched, achieving early operational capability (EOC), and are planned to achieve full operational capability (FOC) in 2019. All 30 satellites (adjusted to 24 working satellites and 6 backup satellites) are scheduled to be launched in 2020.

5. Japan’s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (Japanese: Quasi-Zenith Satellite システム, English: Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (abbreviation: QZSS) is a satellite amplification system that uses three artificial satellites to complete the regional functions of the Global Positioning System through time transfer. This project was developed for Japan. The first satellite "Michibiki" (Michibiki (QZS-1)) was launched on September 11, 2010. It was originally expected to be fully functional by 2013. In March 2013, the Japanese Cabinet Office announced that the number of satellites in the quasi-zenith satellite system would be expanded from three to four. The contract with Mitsubishi Electric is worth RMB 526 million and is scheduled to build and launch three satellites before the end of 2017.

The Japanese government authorized the Advanced Space Business Corporation in 2002 to begin the development of a quasi-zenith satellite system. This team includes 59 related companies including Mitsubishi Electric, Hitachi, Itochu Corporation, Nippon Electric, Mitsubishi Corporation, Toyota Motor, and Global Navigation Satellite System Technology Company (GNSS Technologies Inc). However, due to the huge funding required, this work was taken over by the Satellite Positioning Research and Application Center in 2007. The Satellite Positioning Research and Application Center is composed of four departments of the Japanese government: the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

The quasi-zenith satellite system provides basic video services (images, sounds and data) and positioning information for mobile application systems. For its positioning service, QZSS can currently only provide limited accuracy when operating in standalone mode, so it will be considered a GNSS augmentation service. Its positioning services will also be integrated with Japan's Multi-Functional Transport Satellite, which is still under development. This is a wide area enhancement system similar to the Federal Aviation Administration.

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