What does a microcomputer hardware system consist of?

The hardware system consists of 5 parts: 1. Calculator, whose main function is to calculate and process data and information; 2. Controller, which is the nerve center of the computer and directs all components in the whole machine to automatically coordinate their work. ; 3. Memory is the memory system of the computer. It can not only save information, but also accept different information in the computer system and read the saved information; 4. Input device, used to combine raw data and programs that process these numbers. Input into the computer; 5. Output device, used to receive computer data output display, printing, sound, control peripheral device operations, etc.

The operating environment of this tutorial: Windows 7 system, Dell G3 computer.

Since the invention of the first computer ENIAC, computer system technology has developed greatly, but the basic structure of the computer hardware system has not changed, and it still belongs to the von Neumann system computer.

The so-called computer hardware refers to the various physical devices that make up a computer, that is, the actual physical devices that are visible and tangible that we introduced in "Understanding Computers". It includes the computer's host computer and peripheral devices.

The computer hardware system still consists of five major functional components: arithmetic unit, controller, memory, input device and output device.

1. Operator

The main function of the operator in computer hardware is to calculate and process data and information. The arithmetic unit includes the following parts: general register, status register, accumulator and key arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The operator can perform arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and logical operations (AND or NOT).

The basic functions of the Arithmetic Logic Operation Unit (ALU) are the four arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, logical operations such as AND, OR, NOT, and XOR, as well as operations such as shifts and complements. When the computer is running, the operations and types of operations of the arithmetic units are determined by the controller. The data processed by the operator comes from the memory; the processed result data is usually sent back to the memory or temporarily stored in the operator. Together with the Control Unit, it forms the core part of the CPU.

The calculator is a functional component in the computer that processes data. Data processing mainly includes arithmetic operations on data and logical operations on logical data. Therefore, realizing arithmetic and logical operations on data is the core function of the arithmetic unit.

2. Controller

The controller and arithmetic unit together form the central processing unit (CPU).

The controller is the nerve center of the computer, directing all components in the entire machine to automatically coordinate their work. Under the control of the controller, the computer can automatically perform a series of operations according to the steps set by the program to complete specific tasks.

The controller can be regarded as the brain and command center of the computer. It allows the various components of the computer to complete instructions in an orderly manner by integrating and analyzing relevant data and information.

The main components inside the controller are as follows:

①Instruction register: stores instructions obtained from the memory.

②Decoder: Translates the operation code in the instruction into a control signal.

③ Timing beat generator: Generates timing pulse beat signals to make the computer work rhythmically and orderly.

④Operation control components: combine control signals to control each component to complete the corresponding operation.

⑤Instruction counter: Calculate and point out the address of the next instruction.

3. Memory

As the name suggests, memory is the memory system of the computer and the notepad in the computer system. Unlike a notepad, the memory can not only save information, but also accept different information in the computer system and read the saved information.

Memory consists of main memory and auxiliary memory. Main memory is commonly known as memory and is divided into two parts: RAM and ROM. Auxiliary storage is external storage, but when the computer processes information in external storage, it must first exchange information between internal and external storage.

The working method of main memory is to store or read various types of information according to the address of the storage unit, collectively referred to as access memory. The carrier that collects storage units in the main memory is called a memory bank. Each unit in the memory bank can store information represented by a string of binary codes. The total number of bits of this information is called the word length of a storage unit. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the address of the storage unit and the information stored in it. There is only one unit address, which is fixed, but the information stored in it can be replaced.

The binary code indicating each unit is called the address code. When looking for a certain unit, first give its address code. The register that temporarily stores this address code is called the memory address register (MAR). In order to store information taken out from the storage unit of the main memory or information to be stored in a certain storage unit, a memory data register (MDR) is also set up.

4. Input devices

Input devices and output devices are key devices for human-computer interaction.

Input device: A device that inputs data and information to the computer. It is a bridge between computers and users or other devices. Input devices are one of the main devices for information exchange between users and computer systems. Keyboards, mice, cameras, scanners, light pens, handwriting input tablets, joysticks, voice input devices, etc. are all input devices.

Input device (InputDevice) is a device for human or external interaction with the computer. It is used to input raw data and programs for processing these numbers into the computer. Computers can receive a variety of data, which can be numerical data or various non-numeric data, such as graphics, images, sounds, etc., which can be input into the computer through different types of input devices for processing. Storage, processing and output.

The emergence of input devices such as mice and keyboards has brought about earth-shaking changes to computers. There are two main types of existing mice: optical mice and mechanical mice. Through the mouse, we can easily position coordinates on the computer screen, and can operate graphics and software processing well, providing the greatest convenience for humans. The keyboard is also a very important input device. Most of the computer instructions are entered through the keyboard.

5. Output device

The output device (Output Device) is the terminal device of the computer hardware system, used to receive the output display, printing, sound, and control of computer data. Peripheral device operation, etc. It also expresses various calculation result data or information in the form of numbers, characters, images, sounds, etc.

Its characteristic is that it can display computer information in the form of pictures, which is very intuitive.

Common output devices include monitors, printers, plotters, image output systems, voice output systems, magnetic recording equipment, etc.

These five parts cooperate with each other and work together.

Its simple working principle is that first the input device receives external information (program and data), the controller issues instructions to send the data into the (internal) memory, and then issues an instruction fetch command to the internal memory. . Under the instruction fetch command, program instructions are sent to the controller one by one. The controller decodes the instruction and issues storage, fetching and operation commands to the memory and arithmetic unit according to the operation requirements of the instruction. The arithmetic unit calculates and stores the calculation results in the memory. Finally, under the action of the fetch and output commands issued by the controller, the calculation results are output through the output device.

The electronic circuits and physical devices used in computer systems are visible and tangible entities, such as central processing unit (CPU), memory, external devices (input and output devices, I/O devices ) and buses, etc.

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