Example analysis of the installation and use of Oracle container database

This article brings you relevant knowledge about Oracle, which mainly organizes issues related to the installation and use of container databases, including basic knowledge of Oracle container databases and installation of container databases. And the use and creation of container database, etc. Let’s take a look at it together. I hope it will be helpful to everyone.

Recommended tutorial: "Oracle Video Tutorial"

Installation and use of Oracle 19c

Oracle container database Basic knowledge

 Container database, also known as pluggable database, also known as multi-tenant container database
 Oracle Multitenant Container Database (CDB)
 CDB is introduced in Oracle 12C The feature refers to a database that can accommodate one or more pluggable databases. This feature allows the creation and maintenance of multiple databases in a CDB container database. Created in a CDB The database is called PDB. Each PDB exists independently of each other in CDB. When using PDB alone, there is no difference from ordinary database.  The main function of the CDB root container database is to accommodate the metadata of all related PDBs and to manage all PDBs in the CDB.
 That is, the container is called CDB, and the sub-database in the container is called PDB.

Composition of container database

##2.1.1ROOT

The Root container database is the root database in the CDB environment. In the root database Contains the master data dictionary view,

which contains metadata related to the Root container and all PDB information contained in the CDB

. Identified as CDB$ROOT in the CDB environment, There can only be one Root container database in each CDB environment. 2.1.2CDB seed

CDB seed is the seed of PDB, which provides data files and is identified as PDB

SEED in the CDB environment, ** Is a template to create a new PDB**, you can connect to the PDB ​ SEED, ∗##∗ is chuangbuild新PDBmodule Board∗##∗,Youcanconnect with#P DBSEED, but cannot execute anything because PDB$SEED is read-only and cannot be modified. 2.1.3PDBs PDB database. In the CDB environment, each PDB exists independently. It is basically the same as the traditional Oracle database. Each PDB has its own data files and objects. , the only difference is that the PDB can be plugged into the CDB, and unplugged from the CDB, and at any point in time the PDB must be unplugged or plugged into a CDB, and the user will not feel the root container when connecting to the PDB. The presence of other PDBs.

2.1.4Application Containers

  Oracle has enhanced the container function in the 12cR2 version. You can also create a container called Application root in the CDB root container, and create multiple dependencies in it. The architecture diagram of the Application PDBs of the Application root is as follows:

Simply put, containers can also create containers .

Users of the root environment

 In previous versions, a single PDB could have multiple users, and each user could have its own table space. Up to the CDB level, users were divided into Two categories:
Public users and local users.

• Public user
  The public user is a user that exists in the root database and all PDB databases. The public user must be created in the root container, and then this user will be used in all existing PDB databases. Automatically created in PDB, the public user ID must start with c## or C##. The sys and system users are public users automatically created by Oracle in the CDB environment.
• Public User
  Local users refer to ordinary users created in PDB. This user will only exist in the PDB where it was created, and only local users can be created in PDB.

It is also worth mentioning that there is no previous default scott user in the PDB and we need to re-create it.
Also, is connected to CDB through "sqlplus/as sysdba" login. (Key points)

Installation and use of container database

Installation

Do you remember to uncheck the container database in the fourth step of the previous version installation?

Now, we only need to check it to create a container database;

Common commands

After installation, open sqlplus and log in with the administrator account
sqlplus/as sysdba.

View the current container

show con_name;

You can see that the current container is the root container.

Check whether the database is CDB

select name,cdb,open_mode,con_id from v$database;

Open_mode is read and write permissions

Check the PDB information in CDB

show pdbs;

You can see the seeds and default PDB inside.

Start and shut down the created PDB database

First switch the session to the PDB you want to use.

alter session set container = orclpdb;

There are two sets of commands here
Turn on:

alter pluggable database pdb1 open;

Turn off:

alter pluggable database pdb1 close;

Traditional shartup and shutdown
Open:

shartup;

Close:

shutdown immediate;

Here are several parameters and meanings of SHUTDOWN

• shutdown normal: The default mode of shutdown, a. does not allow new database connections; b. can only be closed when all connections are disconnected, which is less efficient
• shutdown immidiate: Commonly used methods of shutdown, a. Do not allow the creation of new connections; b. If there are unfinished SQL statements in the already created connections, wait for their completion, if not immediately disconnect ;c. All uncommitted transactions are rolled back
• shutdown transactional: The usage rate is very low
• shutdown abort: a. Uncommitted transactions are not rolled back Roll; b. Terminate all SQL operations; c. All connections are disconnected. The database shuts down quickly, but the next time it is opened, instance recovery is required and the startup is slow; and the rollback segment data and data files may be inconsistent.

Switching between CDB and PDB

alter session set container=ORCLPDB; --PDBalter session set container=CDB$ROOT;--CDBshow con_name   --查看当前容器

Use through plsql

However, we use plsql for daily use, and there is a little difference with what we usually use. the difference.

打开PDB

首先，还是用管理员账户登录（此时数据库选项里是没有我们想用的PDB的）

打开一个命令窗口吗，看一下当前CDB里PDB的信息


利用上面刚学的命令，切换会话，打开想用的PDB，自己做哦

创建用户并授权

上面说了，PDB里是没有我们所知道的Scott用户的，这里需要我们重新创建他

create user scott identified by tiger；--给用户授予权限 grant connect,resource,dba to scott; --删除用户drop user truedata scott;

创建表空间，为用户指定表空间及为用户授予权限都与以前的使用方式一样。

配置

想要用plsql登录PDB，我们需要更改一个配置文件

安装目录下的tnsnames.ora文件，复制里面的ORCL，更改名字即可

然后用plsql登录即可

单个PDB的使用，与我们日常所用的数据库并无区别。

如果连接可插拔数据库时出现：
ORACLE 正在初始化或关闭。
这个错误，参考我的博客：
链接: PLSQL报ORA-01033: ORACLE正在初始化或关闭的解决方法
或者可能是PDB没打开，参考3.2.4打开即可。

容器数据库的创建

  PDB数据库的创建可以从现存的数据库中复制数据文件，包括种子容器、可插拔数据库、non-CDB数据库，创建时可以使用CREATE PLUGGABLE、RMAN、DBCA以及EM等。
  在12.1版本中在创建PDB时，Source PDB必须处于read only状态，在12.2版本中，因为undo local mode新特性的推出，在创建PDB时，Source PDB在read write状态，依然可以创建。
  另外在12.2版本中Oracle推出了refresh PDB特性，具有对Source PDB进行增量同步的功能。

创建方式

使用CREATE PLUGGABLE命令可以使用以下资源创建PDB：
CDB seed (PDB$SEED)
克隆已经存在的PDB
Local PDB
Remote PDB
non-CDB数据库

	如果把数据库从11g 升级到12c，或者在12c中创建的，就是NON CDB，那么这样的数据库就是普通的单实例，和12c 之前的数据库没有区别

链接: Oracle 12c系列（七）| Non-CDB转换为PDB

拔下的PDB

使用DBCA可以使用以下资源创建PDB：
DBCA也就是我们常用的数据库配置工具、图形化界面
CDB seed (PDB$SEED)
RMAN备份
拔下的PDB
示例：(这里只演示使用create pluggable database命令方式创建PDB)

使用CDB seed创建PDB

1. 在SQL*Plus中输入CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE语句
   (这里创建为ypdb1的pdb，管理用户为ypdb1)

CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE ypdb1 ADMIN USER ypdb1 IDENTIFIED BY oracle
STORAGE (MAXSIZE 2G)DEFAULT TABLESPACE ypdb1
DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb1/ypdb01.dbf' SIZE 100M AUTOEXTEND ONPATH_PREFIX = '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb1/'FILE_NAME_CONVERT = ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/pdbseed', '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb1');

2. 语句执行完毕之后查看创建完成的PDB：

sys. ora12c>show pdbs
CON_ID CON_NAME                       OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
 2 PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY  NO
 3 YPDB1                          MOUNTED

克隆已经存在的PDB

这种方式可以通过使用当前CDB中的其他PDB，以及复制远端CDB中的PDB，还可以复制non-CDB数据库创建成PDB。

Clone a Local PDB
在Clone本地PDB时需要注意一下几点：
使用的用户必须拥有’CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE’的权限(测试里使用sys用户)
源PDB不可以是关闭状态
如果CDB为shared undo，PDB必须为READ-ONLY状态
如果CDB不是归档模式，那么PDB必须为READ-ONLY状态

	（说明:如果是Oracle Database 版本为12.1，那么PDB只能为READ-ONLY状态，因在12.1中undo模式，还只能选择shared undo。）

sys. ora12c>show pdbs
CON_ID CON_NAME                       OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
 2 PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY  NO
 3 YPDB1                          READ WRITE NOsys. ora12c>

这里使用YPDB1做为源PDB，创建的PDB为YPDB2。
(1) 检查是否为shared undo模式

COL PROPERTY_NAME FOR A30
COL PROPERTY_VALUE FOR A30SELECT property_name, property_valueFROM database_propertiesWHERE property_name='LOCAL_UNDO_ENABLED';PROPERTY_NAME                  PROPERTY_VALUE------------------------------ ------------------------------LOCAL_UNDO_ENABLED             TRUE

(2) 检查是否未archivelog模式

sys. ora12c>ARCHIVE LOG LISTDatabase log mode              Archive ModeAutomatic archival             Enabled
Archive destination            /u01/app/oracle/recovery/ora12c/arch
Oldest online log sequence     21Next log sequence to archive   23Current log sequence           23sys. ora12c>

(3) 创建验证数据

zhaoweiqing. ypdb1>CONN /AS SYSDBA
Connected.sys. ora12c>conn zhaoweiqing/zhaoweiqing@ypdb1Connected.zhaoweiqing. ypdb1>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;COUNT(*)----------22198Elapsed: 00:00:00.01zhaoweiqing. ypdb1>

(4) 执行CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE语句(这里使用sys用户连接根容器)

CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE ypdb2 FROM ypdb1
PATH_PREFIX = '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb2/'FILE_NAME_CONVERT = ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb1/', '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb2/')SERVICE_NAME_CONVERT = ('ypdb1t','ypdb2t');

(5) 查看创建完成的YPDB2

sys. ora12c>show pdbs
CON_ID CON_NAME                       OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
 2 PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY  NO
 3 YPDB1                          READ WRITE NO
 4 YPDB2                          MOUNTED
sys. ora12c>SELECT pdb_id, pdb_name, con_uid, status, creation_scn, con_id FROM cdb_pdbs;PDB_ID PDB_NAME                CON_UID STATUS     CREATION_SCN     CON_ID---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ----------
 2 PDB$SEED             1453953285 NORMAL              213          2
 3 YPDB1                2376019304 NORMAL           697945          3
 4 YPDB2                3908707960 NEW              707501          4Elapsed: 00:00:00.02sys. ora12c>

(6) 检查数据文件

sys. ora12c>ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE YPDB2 OPEN;Pluggable database altered.Elapsed: 00:00:14.02sys. ora12c>SELECT con_id, tablespace_name, file_name FROM cdb_data_files WHERE con_id=4;CON_ID TABLESP FILE_NAME------ ------- ---------------------------------------------------------4 SYSTEM  /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb2/system01.dbf4 SYSAUX  /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb2/sysaux01.dbf4 DEFTBS  /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb2/deftbs01.dbf4 USERTBS /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb2/usertbs01.dbf4 UNDO_1  /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb2/system01_i1_undo.dbf4 YPDB1   /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12c/ypdb2/ypdb01.dbf6 rows selected.Elapsed: 00:00:00.01sys. ora12c>

(7) 检查service_name

sys. ora12c>SELECT service_id, name, network_name, enabled, pdb, con_id FROM cdb_services;SERVICE_ID NAME                NETWORK_NAME         ENA PDB           CON_ID---------- ------------------- -------------------- --- --------- ----------
 1 SYS$BACKGROUND                           NO  CDB$ROOT           1
 2 SYS$USERS                                NO  CDB$ROOT           1
 3 ora12c.linux.com    ora12c.linux.com     NO  CDB$ROOT           1
 6 ypdb1.linux.com     ypdb1.linux.com      NO  YPDB1              3
 1 ypdb1t              ypdb1t               NO  YPDB1              3
 1 ypdb2t              ypdb2t               NO  YPDB2              4
 2 ypdb2.linux.com     ypdb2.linux.com      NO  YPDB2              47 rows selected.Elapsed: 00:00:00.00sys. ora12c>

源PDB中的service_name已经被更改指定的service_name.

(8) 检查验证数据

sys. ora12c>conn zhaoweiqing/zhaoweiqing@ypdb2Connected.zhaoweiqing. ypdb2>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;COUNT(*)----------22198Elapsed: 00:00:00.11zhaoweiqing. ypdb2>

克隆远程PDB

Clone远端PDB时需要注意以下几点：

如果PDB被Clone到的CDB的字符集不是AL32UTF8，那么源与目标字符集必须兼容。

源端与目标端的字节顺序必须相同。

连接的用户在CDB中必须拥有’CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE’的权限。

源PDB不可以是关闭状态。

如果远端CDB为shared undo，源PDB必须为READ-ONLY状态。

如果远端CDB不是归档模式，源PDB必须为READ-ONLY状态。

这里测试将win平台ORA12CW中的PDB(ORA12CWPDB)复制到Linux的，目标PDB为PDB2。

(1) 查看源端与目标的字符集

col parameter for a30
col value for a30select * from nls_database_parameters where parameter='NLS_CHARACTERSET'or parameter='NLS_LANGUAGE' or parameter='NLS_NCHAR_CHARACTERSET';```**(2) 查看源端与目标端字节顺序**

```sqlcol platform_name for a40SELECT d.inst_id, t.platform_id, t.platform_name, t.endian_format, d.name FROM v$transportable_platform t, gv$database dWHERE t.platform_name = d.platform_name;

(3) 查看源端归档模式

archive log list

(4) 查看源端undo模式

SELECT property_name, property_valueFROM database_propertiesWHERE property_name='LOCAL_UNDO_ENABLED';

(5) 目标端创建dblink

CREATE DATABASE LINK ora12cw CONNECT TO system IDENTIFIED BY oracle USING 'ORA12CW';

(6) 运行CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE语句进行复制PDB

CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb2 FROM ORA12CWPDB@ora12cwPATH_PREFIX = '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12cl/pdb2/'FILE_NAME_CONVERT = ('D:\U01\APP\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA12CW\ORA12CWPDB\', '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12cl/pdb2/');

(7) 创建完成后目标端查看PDB2

sys. ora12cl>show pdbs
CON_ID CON_NAME                       OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
 2 PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY  NO
 4 PDB2                           MOUNTED 5 PDB1                           MOUNTED
sys. ora12cl>SELECT pdb_id, pdb_name, con_uid, status, creation_scn, con_id FROM cdb_pdbs;PDB_ID PDB_NAME                CON_UID STATUS     CREATION_SCN     CON_ID---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ----------
 2 PDB$SEED             3409233005 NORMAL          1408788          2
 4 PDB2                 2218727525 NEW             1824437          4
 5 PDB1                 1058019921 NORMAL          1535445          5Elapsed: 00:00:00.00sys. ora12cl>

(8) 目标查看数据文件

sys. ora12cl>alter pluggable database pdb2 open;Pluggable database altered.Elapsed: 00:00:14.02sys. ora12cl>SELECT con_id, tablespace_name, file_name FROM cdb_data_files WHERE con_id=4;CON_ID TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME------ --------------- --------------------------------------------------4 SYSTEM          /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12cl/pdb2/SYSTEM01.DBF4 SYSAUX          /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12cl/pdb2/SYSAUX01.DBF4 UNDOTBS1        /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12cl/pdb2/UNDOTBS01.DBF4 USERS           /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ora12cl/pdb2/USERS01.DBF
Elapsed: 00:00:00.00sys. ora12cl>

克隆远端的PDB成功。

克隆本地PDB

在克隆已有的PDB或者non CDB时，我们也可以将克隆语句中加入NO DATA子句，在使用NO DATA子句时，仅仅会克隆源PDB中的模型定义，并不会克隆PDB中的数据。（Oracle数据库内自动创建的schemas下的对象会被成功克隆，而用户创建的schemas下的对象仅仅会克隆对象的定义结构）。

测试克隆本地PDB时使用no data子句

这里将WOQUPDB克隆为PDBTEST.

(1)源PDB

sys. woqu>show pdbs
CON_ID CON_NAME                       OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
 2 PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY  NO
 3 WOQUPDB                        READ WRITE NOsys. woqu>COL PROPERTY_NAME FOR A30
sys. woqu>COL PROPERTY_VALUE FOR A30
sys. woqu>

(2)检查UNDO模式及归档模式

sys. woqu>SELECT property_name, property_value2  FROM database_properties3  WHERE property_name='LOCAL_UNDO_ENABLED';PROPERTY_NAME                  PROPERTY_VALUE------------------------------ ------------------------------LOCAL_UNDO_ENABLED             TRUEElapsed: 00:00:00.04sys. woqu>sys. woqu>archive log listDatabase log mode              Archive ModeAutomatic archival             Enabled
Archive destination            USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence     7Next log sequence to archive   9Current log sequence           9sys. woqu>

(3)创建测试数据表t，注意这里的t表位于sys用户下

05:51:10 sys. woqupdb>create table t as select * from dba_objects where rownumselect count(*) from t;COUNT(*)----------10Elapsed: 00:00:00.0105:52:50 sys. woqupdb>

表t中共有10条数据。
(4)创建测试数据表t_tab，注意这里的t表位于zhaoweiqing用户下

05:51:46 zhaoweiqing. woqupdb>create table t_tab as select * from dba_objects where rownumselect count(*) from t_tab;COUNT(*)----------999Elapsed: 00:00:00.0105:52:19 zhaoweiqing. woqupdb>

(5)使用create pluggable database + NO DATA子句创建pdb:pdbtest

sys. woqu>CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdbtest FROM woqupdb NO DATA2  PATH_PREFIX = '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/woqu/pdbtest'3  FILE_NAME_CONVERT = ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/woqu/woqupdb', '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/woqu/pdbtest');Pluggable database created.Elapsed: 00:00:09.35sys. woqu>

(6)检查克隆完成的pdbtest

sys. woqu>show pdbs
CON_ID CON_NAME    OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED---------- ----------- ---------- ----------
 2 PDB$SEED    READ ONLY  NO
 3 WOQUPDB     READ WRITE NO
 5 PDBTEST     MOUNTED
sys. woqu>SELECT pdb_id, pdb_name, con_uid, status, creation_scn, con_id FROM cdb_pdbs;PDB_ID PDB_NAME       CON_UID STATUS     CREATION_SCN     CON_ID---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ----------
 3 WOQUPDB     1167267009 NORMAL          1443334          3
 2 PDB$SEED     399989944 NORMAL          1408751          2
 5 PDBTEST     3356573055 NEW             1956581          5Elapsed: 00:00:00.05sys. woqu>alter pluggable database pdbtest open;Pluggable database altered.Elapsed: 00:00:07.09sys. woqu>show pdbs
CON_ID CON_NAME    OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED---------- ----------- ---------- ----------
 2 PDB$SEED    READ ONLY  NO
 3 WOQUPDB     READ WRITE NO
 5 PDBTEST     READ WRITE NOsys. woqu>SELECT pdb_id, pdb_name, con_uid, status, creation_scn, con_id FROM cdb_pdbs;PDB_ID PDB_NAME     CON_UID STATUS CREATION_SCN     CON_ID---------- --------- ---------- ------ ------------ ----------
 3 WOQUPDB   1167267009 NORMAL      1443334          3
 2 PDB$SEED   399989944 NORMAL      1408751          2
 5 PDBTEST   3356573055 NORMAL      1956581          5Elapsed: 00:00:00.02sys. woqu>

(7)查看测试数据

sys. woqu>alter session set container=pdbtest;Session altered.Elapsed: 00:00:00.07sys. woqu>show user con_idUSER is "SYS"CON_ID------------------------------5sys. woqu>select count(*) from t;COUNT(*)----------10Elapsed: 00:00:00.00sys. woqu>select count(*) from zhaoweiqing.t_tab;COUNT(*)----------
 0Elapsed: 00:00:00.02sys. woqu>

通过测试可以看到sys下的对象中的数据依然克隆成功，而自建用户下的对象中数据并没有跟着一起克隆。

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