This article will take you through the express routing in node and introduce the basic usage. I hope it will be helpful to everyone!
1. The concept of routing
##1.1 What is routing
Broadly speaking, routing ismapping relationship.
In real life
##
按键 1 -> 业务查询 按键 2 -> 手机充值 按键 3 -> 业务办理 按键 4 -> 密码服务与停复机 按键 5 -> 家庭宽带 按键 6 -> 话费流量 按键 8 -> 集团业务 按键 0 -> 人工服务 在这里,路由是按键与服务之间的映射关系

1.2 Routing in nodejs## The routing in #nodejs
is actually the mapping relationship between the url address and the response function. A url address responds to an html page.It is to extract the business of a path matching relationship into a separate js file.
2. Express 2.1 Introduction to ExpressBased on the Node.js platform, a fast, open and minimalist web development framework
express official website (http ://expressjs.com/)
- express Chinese website (http://expressjs.com.cn/)
- 1. The role of Express and Node.js The built-in http module is similar and is specifically used to create web servers.
Learn more about express
Thinking: Can I create a web server without using Express?
Answer: Yes, just use the native http module provided by Node.js.2.2 Basic stepsThinking: If you are already good, why should you be bright (with the http built-in module, why do you still use Express)?
Answer: The built-in http module is very complicated to use and the development efficiency is low; Express is further encapsulated based on the built-in http module, which can greatly improve development efficiency.
Thinking: What is the relationship between the http built-in module and Express?
Answer: Similar to the relationship between Web API and jQuery in the browser. The latter is further encapsulated based on the former.
##Installation: npm i express
// 导入 express var express = require('express'); // 创建 express实例,也就是创建 express服务器 var app = express(); // 启动服务器 app.listen(3000, function () { console.log('服务器已启动') })
Monitoring get requests
Through the app.get() method, you can monitor the client's GET requests. The specific syntax format is as follows:
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Through the app.post() method, you can monitor the client's POST request. The specific syntax format is as follows:
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can send the processed content to the client through the res.send() method: [External link image transfer failed, the source site may have anti-leeching mechanism, it is recommended to save the image and upload it directly (img-Iiifw7XV-1639963661924)(images3/image-20200529231837638.png)]
2.3 Detailed explanation of req attribute
Get the parameters of the get request
Through the req.query object, you can get the parameters sent by the client to the server through GET: For example: http://127.0.0.1:3000/index?id=10&name=tom&age=20
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##Name
req.query | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
req.body | Get the data passed by the Post request. What you get is an object. You need to register a middleware. | |||||||||||
req.params | Get the routing parameters in the Get request and get is an object | |||||||||||
req.get(key) | Get the Value corresponding to the specified Key in the request header||||||||||||
方法 | 作用 |
---|---|
res.send() | 响应给客户端浏览器的数据,会自带响应头 send方法在将上面的对象数据响应给浏览器的时候,相当于内部会调用 JSON.stringify() |
res.sendFile(path) | 响应给浏览器一个页面 |
res.redirect() | 重定向 会自带状态码 |
res.set(key,value) | 自定义响应头 |
res.status() | 设置响应状态码 |
2.5 express路由处理
基本使用
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app.get(path, callback)
app.post(path, callback)
-
app.use(path, callback)
更重要的作用是处理中间件- 注意:只要是以path开头的请求地址,都可以被use处理
- 注意:可以处理任意的请求类型
- 注意:path参数可省略,默认值为:
/
// all可以匹配任何提交方式 get和post都可以 app.all('*',(req,res)=>{ // 做一个其它比较友好界面 响应给浏览器 res.send('页面还没完成,请等待...') })
路由的匹配过程
每当一个请求到达服务器之后,需要先经过路由的匹配,只有匹配成功之后,才会调用对应的处理函数。
在匹配时,会按照路由的顺序进行匹配,如果请求类型和请求的 URL 同时匹配成功,则 Express 会将这次请求,转交给对应的 function 函数进行处理。
路由匹配的注意点:
①按照定义的先后顺序进行匹配
②请求类型和请求的URL同时匹配成功,才会调用对应的处理函数
全局挂载路由
在 Express 中使用路由最简单的方式,就是把路由挂载到 app 上,示例代码如下
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2.6 模块化路由
为了方便对路由进行模块化的管理,Express 不建议将路由直接挂载到 app 上,而是推荐将路由抽离为单独的模块。
将路由抽离为单独模块的步骤如下:
①创建路由模块对应的 .js 文件 router.js
②调用 express.Router() 函数创建路由对象
③向路由对象上挂载具体的路由
④使用 module.exports 向外共享路由对象
⑤使用 app.use() 函数注册路由模块
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2.7 静态资源处理
基本使用
express 提供了一个非常好用的函数,叫做
express.static()
,通过它,我们可以非常方便地创建一个静态资源服务器,例如,通过如下代码就可以将 public 目录下的图片、CSS 文件、**JavaScript **文件对外开放访问了:
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现在,你就可以访问 public 目录中的所有文件了: http://localhost:3000/images/bg.jpg http://localhost:3000/css/style.css http://localhost:3000/js/login.js 注意:Express 在指定的静态目录中查找文件,并对外提供资源的访问路径。 因此,存放静态文件的目录名不会出现在 URL 中。
托管多个资源目录
如果要托管多个静态资源目录,请多次调用 express.static() 函数:
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上面的设置需要注意的是:在html页面中的那些静态资源路径一定不要在出现public
访问静态资源文件时,express.static() 函数会根据目录的添加顺序查找所需的文件。
挂载路径前缀
如果希望在托管的静态资源访问路径之前,挂载路径前缀,则可以使用如下的方式:
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现在,你就可以通过带有 /public 前缀地址来访问 public 目录中的文件了: http://localhost:3000/public/images/kitten.jpg http://localhost:3000/public/css/style.css http://localhost:3000/public/js/app.js
2.8 express中间件
什么是中间件
中间件(Middleware )其实就是一个函数,特指业务流程的中间处理环节。
分为全局中间件和路由中间件。
中间件分为两种 一个是全局中间件 一个是路由中间件
现实生活中的例子
处理污水的这中间处理环节,就可以叫做中间件。
express中的中间件
当一个请求到达 Express 的服务器之后,可以连续调用多个中间件,从而对这次请求进行预处理。
基本使用
Express 的中间件,本质上就是一个 function 处理函数,Express 中间件的格式如下:
const mw = function(req, res, next) { next() } app.use(mw)
注意:中间件函数的形参列表中,必须包含 next 参数。而路由处理函数中只包含 req 和 res。
next函数的作用: next 函数是实现多个中间件连续调用的关键,它表示把流转关系转交给下一个中间件或路由。
中间件的作用
多个中间件之间,共享同一份 req 和 res。基于这样的特性,我们可以在上游的中间件中,统一为 req 或 res 对象添加自定义的属性或方法,供下游的中间件或路由进行使用。
定义多个中间件
可以使用 app.use() 连续定义多个全局中间件。客户端请求到达服务器之后,会按照中间件定义的先后顺序依次进行调用,示例代码如下:
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express内置中间件
自 Express 4.16.0 版本开始,Express 内置了 3 个常用的中间件,极大的提高了 Express 项目的开发效率和体验:
① express.static 快速托管静态资源的内置中间件,例如: HTML 文件、图片、CSS 样式等(无兼容性)
② express.json 解析 JSON 格式的请求体数据(有兼容性,仅在 4.16.0+ 版本中可用)
③ express.urlencoded 解析 URL-encoded 格式的请求体数据(有兼容性,仅在 4.16.0+ 版本中可用)
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3.EJS模板
3.1 ejs介绍
ejs是一个高效的javascript模板引擎,是为了使用户页面与业务数据(分离)而产生的。
简单来说,使用ejs模板引擎就可以帮助我们快速的将数据渲染到页面对应的位置,和art-template模板类似.
3.2 ejs的使用
1.下载
npm i ejs
2.配置模板引擎
app.set('view engine','ejs')
3.配置模板的存放目录
app.set('views','./views') //默认的是可以省略
4.在views目录下创建模板文件 views文件夹中的静态页面此时应该修改后缀.ejs
5.使用模板渲染数据
res.render('index',obj) //第一个参数就是要渲染的页面,直接写名称不用加后缀 //第二个参数表示待渲染的对象,通常是一个对象
3.3 数据渲染
写业务逻辑
在某位置输出数据
不转义输出
更多node相关知识,请访问:nodejs 教程!!
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