环境部署一直是一个很大的问题,无论是开发环境还是生产环境,但是 Docker 将开发环境和生产环境以轻量级方式打包,提供了一致的环境。极大的提升了开发部署一致性。当然,实际情况并没有这么简单,因为生产环境和开发环境的配置是完全不同的,比如日志等的问题都需要单独配置,但是至少比以前更加简单方便了,这里以 PHP 开发作为例子讲解 Docker 如何布置开发环境。
一般来说,一个 PHP 项目会需要以下工具:
Web 服务器: Nginx/Tengine
Web 程序: PHP-FPM
数据库: MySQL/PostgreSQL
缓存服务: Redis/Memcache
这是最简单的架构方式,在 Docker 发展早期,Docker 被大量的滥用,比如,一个镜像内启动多服务,日志收集依旧是按照 Syslog 或者别的老方式,镜像容量非常庞大,基础镜像就能达到 80M,这和 Docker 当初提出的思想完全南辕北辙了,而 Alpine Linux 发行版作为一个轻量级 Linux 环境,就非常适合作为 Docker 基础镜像,Docker 官方也推荐使用 Alpine 而不是 Debian 作为基础镜像,未来大量的现有官方镜像也将会迁移到 Alpine 上。本文所有镜像都将以 Alpine 作为基础镜像。
Nginx/Tengine
这部分笔者已经在另一篇文章 Docker 容器的 Nginx 实践中讲解了 Tengine 的 Docker 实践,并且给出了 Dockerfile,由于比较偏好 Tengine,而且官方已经给出了 Nginx 的 alpine 镜像,所以这里就用 Tengine。笔者已经将镜像上传到官方 DockerHub,可以通过
docker pull chasontang/tengine:2.1.2_f
获取镜像,具体请看 Dockerfile。
PHP-FPM
Docker 官方已经提供了 PHP 的 7.0.7-fpm-alpine 镜像,Dockerfile 如下:
FROM alpine:3.4 # persistent / runtime deps ENV PHPIZE_DEPS \ autoconf \ file \ g++ \ gcc \ libc-dev \ make \ pkgconf \ re2c RUN apk add --no-cache --virtual .persistent-deps \ ca-certificates \ curl # ensure www-data user exists RUN set -x \ && addgroup -g 82 -S www-data \ && adduser -u 82 -D -S -G www-data www-data # 82 is the standard uid/gid for "www-data" in Alpine # http://git.alpinelinux.org/cgit/aports/tree/main/apache2/apache2.pre-install?h=v3.3.2 # http://git.alpinelinux.org/cgit/aports/tree/main/lighttpd/lighttpd.pre-install?h=v3.3.2 # http://git.alpinelinux.org/cgit/aports/tree/main/nginx-initscripts/nginx-initscripts.pre-install?h=v3.3.2 ENV PHP_INI_DIR /usr/local/etc/php RUN mkdir -p $PHP_INI_DIR/conf.d ##<autogenerated>## ENV PHP_EXTRA_CONFIGURE_ARGS --enable-fpm --with-fpm-user=www-data --with-fpm-group=www-data ##</autogenerated>## ENV GPG_KEYS 1A4E8B7277C42E53DBA9C7B9BCAA30EA9C0D5763 ENV PHP_VERSION 7.0.7 ENV PHP_FILENAME php-7.0.7.tar.xz ENV PHP_SHA256 9cc64a7459242c79c10e79d74feaf5bae3541f604966ceb600c3d2e8f5fe4794 RUN set -xe \ && apk add --no-cache --virtual .build-deps \ $PHPIZE_DEPS \ curl-dev \ gnupg \ libedit-dev \ libxml2-dev \ openssl-dev \ sqlite-dev \ && curl -fSL "http://php.net/get/$PHP_FILENAME/from/this/mirror" -o "$PHP_FILENAME" \ && echo "$PHP_SHA256 *$PHP_FILENAME" | sha256sum -c - \ && curl -fSL "http://php.net/get/$PHP_FILENAME.asc/from/this/mirror" -o "$PHP_FILENAME.asc" \ && export GNUPGHOME="$(mktemp -d)" \ && for key in $GPG_KEYS; do \ gpg --keyserver ha.pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys "$key"; \ done \ && gpg --batch --verify "$PHP_FILENAME.asc" "$PHP_FILENAME" \ && rm -r "$GNUPGHOME" "$PHP_FILENAME.asc" \ && mkdir -p /usr/src \ && tar -Jxf "$PHP_FILENAME" -C /usr/src \ && mv "/usr/src/php-$PHP_VERSION" /usr/src/php \ && rm "$PHP_FILENAME" \ && cd /usr/src/php \ && ./configure \ --with-config-file-path="$PHP_INI_DIR" \ --with-config-file-scan-dir="$PHP_INI_DIR/conf.d" \ $PHP_EXTRA_CONFIGURE_ARGS \ --disable-cgi \ # --enable-mysqlnd is included here because it's harder to compile after the fact than extensions are (since it's a plugin for several extensions, not an extension in itself) --enable-mysqlnd \ # --enable-mbstring is included here because otherwise there's no way to get pecl to use it properly (see https://github.com/docker-library/php/issues/195) --enable-mbstring \ --with-curl \ --with-libedit \ --with-openssl \ --with-zlib \ && make -j"$(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN)" \ && make install \ && { find /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin -type f -perm +0111 -exec strip --strip-all '{}' + || true; } \ && make clean \ && runDeps="$( \ scanelf --needed --nobanner --recursive /usr/local \ | awk '{ gsub(/,/, "\nso:", $2); print "so:" $2 }' \ | sort -u \ | xargs -r apk info --installed \ | sort -u \ )" \ && apk add --no-cache --virtual .php-rundeps $runDeps \ && apk del .build-deps COPY docker-php-ext-* /usr/local/bin/ ##<autogenerated>## WORKDIR /var/www/html RUN set -ex \ && cd /usr/local/etc \ && if [ -d php-fpm.d ]; then \ # for some reason, upstream's php-fpm.conf.default has "include=NONE/etc/php-fpm.d/*.conf" sed 's!=NONE/!=!g' php-fpm.conf.default | tee php-fpm.conf > /dev/null; \ cp php-fpm.d/www.conf.default php-fpm.d/www.conf; \ else \ # PHP 5.x don't use "include=" by default, so we'll create our own simple config that mimics PHP 7+ for consistency mkdir php-fpm.d; \ cp php-fpm.conf.default php-fpm.d/www.conf; \ { \ echo '[global]'; \ echo 'include=etc/php-fpm.d/*.conf'; \ } | tee php-fpm.conf; \ fi \ && { \ echo '[global]'; \ echo 'error_log = /proc/self/fd/2'; \ echo; \ echo '[www]'; \ echo '; if we send this to /proc/self/fd/1, it never appears'; \ echo 'access.log = /proc/self/fd/2'; \ echo; \ echo 'clear_env = no'; \ echo; \ echo '; Ensure worker stdout and stderr are sent to the main error log.'; \ echo 'catch_workers_output = yes'; \ } | tee php-fpm.d/docker.conf \ && { \ echo '[global]'; \ echo 'daemonize = no'; \ echo; \ echo '[www]'; \ echo 'listen = [::]:9000'; \ } | tee php-fpm.d/zz-docker.conf EXPOSE 9000 CMD ["php-fpm"] ##</autogenerated>##
首先,镜像继承自 alpine:3.4
镜像,使用 apk 命令安装 php 最小依赖,同时添加 www-data 作为 php-fpm 的运行用户,将 php 的配置文件指定到 /usr/local/etc/php
,然后就是下载 php-src,编译安装,这里可以参考笔者之前写的 php 编译安装文章。参数都中规中矩。安装目录被指定到 /usr/local
,然后使用 scanelf
获得所依赖的运行库列表,并且将其他安装包删除。将 docker-php-ext-configure
、docker-php-ext-enable
、docker-php-ext-install
复制到容器中,这三个文件用于后续安装扩展。然后将 php-fpm.conf 复制到配置目录,将 error_log 和 access_log 指定到终端标准输出,daemonize = no
表示不以服务进程运行。EXPOSE 9000 端口用于和其他容器通信,然后就是 CMD ["php-fpm"]
运行 php-fpm。而且工作目录被指定到 /var/www/html
。
docker-compose
已经搞定了基础镜像,我们就可以使用基础镜像来配置容器,但是通过手工 docker
命令启动容器会非常麻烦。但是万幸的是官方已经提供了 docker-compose
命令来编排容器,只需要写一个 docker-compose.yaml
文件就行,具体可以参考官方文档。
version: '2' services: php-fpm: image: php:7.0.7-fpm-alpine volumes: - "./src:/var/www/html" restart: always tengine: depends_on: - php-fpm links: - php-fpm image: chasontang/tengine:2.1.2_f volumes: - "./nginx.vh.default.conf:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf" ports: - "80:80" restart: always
非常容易理解,这里定义了两个服务,php-fpm 依赖 php:7.0.7-fpm-alpine 镜像,并且将 src 文件夹映射为 /var/www/html 文件夹,tengine 服务依赖 php-fpm 服务,并且 link php-fpm 服务,这样就能通过网络与 php-fpm 容器通信,tengine 服务基于 chasontang/tengine:2.1.2_f 镜像,并将 nginx.vh.default.conf 文件映射为 /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf 文件。然后来看 nginx.vh.default.conf
server { listen 80; server_name localhost; #charset koi8-r; #access_log logs/host.access.log main; location / { root html; index index.html index.htm; } #error_page 404 /404.html; # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html # error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 # #location ~ \.php$ { # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; #} location ~ [^/]\.php(/|$) { fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+?\.php)(/.*)$; fastcgi_pass php-fpm:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /var/www/html$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info; include fastcgi_params; } # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root # concurs with nginx's one # #location ~ /\.ht { # deny all; #} }
tengine 镜像实际上使用两个配置文件,一个是 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf,还有就是 /etc/nginx/conf.d/ 目录下的所有文件,因为 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 中使用 include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
包含了这个目录,也就是说,可以不需要去管 nginx 其他配置,只需要用自己的 nginx 虚拟主机配置替代默认的虚拟主机配置,或者说增加虚拟主机配置就行了。
从上面可以看到,default.conf 文件定义了一个 location 匹配包含 .php
的 URL,然后将其分割出 PATH_INFO 参数,将这些变量传递给 php-fpm:9000 的 php-fpm 服务。
It should be noted here that since Nginx and PHP-FPM are not on the same host, Nginx only does static file processing and routing forwarding, and the actual PHP file execution occurs in the PHP-FPM container. Therefore, the SCRIPT_FILENAME variable must use the directory in the PHP-FPM container, so it is specified by hard coding here. Of course, two containers can also share the same data volume, but the author believes that this is only to facilitate container orchestration and has no other benefits at all.