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Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

青灯夜游
青灯夜游forward
2021-12-14 19:16:253511browse

This article will share with you a Bootstrap practical experience and introduce how to use Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout step by step. I hope it will be helpful to everyone!

Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

There are many tutorials on the basics of Bootstrap online. In fact, the documentation on the Bootstrap Chinese website (bootcss.com) has been written in great detail, but the actual cases are not not much. Here we use some currently popular web page layouts as a guide and use the styles in Bootstrap to complete it. Only the knowledge points related to the case will be taught each time, and you will practice while learning to enhance your understanding. To practice this case, you need to have a basic knowledge of HTML/CSS. [Related recommendations: "bootstrap tutorial"]

1. Case introduction

Waterfall flow is a web page layout that has become popular in recent years. The visual performance is uneven. A neat multi-column layout. This case uses Bootstrap to implement a waterfall flow layout.

Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

2. Related Bootstrap knowledge points

2.1 Configure Bootstrap

2.1.1 First go to the official Bootstrap website (bootcss.com) to download "Bootstrap for production".

2.1.2 Introduce the compressed bootstrap.min.css in the CSS folder within the tag.

2.1.3 Because Bootstrap’s JS plug-in relies on jQuery, if you want to use its JS plug-in, you must first introduce jQuery, and then introduce bootstrap.min.js in the JS folder. . 

<!--BootstrapCSS文件，放在<head>内-->
<link type="text/css" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<!--jQuery文件，引入BootstrapJS插件前必需引入-->
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="http://libs.baidu.com/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<!--BootstrapJS文件，一般放在底部-->
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<!--让IE使用最新的渲染模式，支持CSS3-->
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE-edge,chrome=1">
<!--如果IE版本低于IE9，使浏览器支持HTML5和CSS3-->
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="http://cdn.bootcss.com/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.min.js"></script>
<script src="http://cdn.bootcss.com/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->

2.2 Grid system

Official explanation: Bootstrap provides a responsive, mobile device-first fluid grid system that changes with the screen or viewport. As the size increases, the system will automatically divide it into up to 12 columns. It contains predefined classes for ease of use.

To put it simply, Bootstrap has written three types of styles from the outside to the inside for quick layout:

  • Fixed width of the outer layer.container or 100% width .container-fluid style;
  • row .row style, must be included in .container or . container-fluid Medium;
  • Column.col-md-* (* can be 1 to 12, which represents the medium screen and is displayed according to this standard , .col-md-1 accounts for 1/12 of .row, .col-md-12 accounts for 12 of .row /12) or column offset .col-md-offset-* (* can be 1 to 12), contained in the .row container, thus Quickly create grid layouts.

.col-md-* Example: 

<!--代码部分-->
<div class="container-fluid">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-3">3/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-4">4/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-4">4/12</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-6">6/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-6">6/12</div>
    </div>
</div>

.col-md-* Rendering:

Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

Use column offset.col-md-offset-* Example: 

<!--代码部分-->
<div class="container-fluid">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <!--这里向右偏移4/12-->
        <div class="col-md-1 col-md-offset-4">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-1">1/12</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-3 col-md-offset-1">3/12</div>
        <div class="col-md-4 col-md-offset-4">4/12</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-4  col-md-offset-4">6/12</div>
    </div>
</div>

.col-md-offset-* Rendering:

Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

Also note that, regardless of .col-md-* and .col-md-offset-* No matter how you use them together, make sure that the sum of * does not exceed 12, otherwise line breaks will occur.

2.3 Thumbnails

Thumbnails most commonly appear on product display pages, such as product displays on some shopping websites.

Thumbnails need to be used in conjunction with the grid system introduced above. The method of use is to wrap the <img alt="Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)" > tag in a container with the .thumbnail style , if we want to add a text description, we can add a container with the style .caption inside.

.thumbnail Example: 

<!--代码部分-->
<div class="container-fluid">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-4">
            <div class="thumbnail">
                <img  src="img/1.jpg" alt="Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)" >
                <div class="caption">
                    <h4>标题 - 缩略图</h4>
                    <small>我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述。</small>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-4">
            <div class="thumbnail">
                <img  src="img/1.jpg" alt="Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)" >
                <div class="caption">
                    <h4>标题 - 缩略图</h4>
                    <small>我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述。</small>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-4">
            <div class="thumbnail">
                <img  src="img/1.jpg" alt="Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)" >
                <div class="caption">
                    <h4>标题 - 缩略图</h4>
                    <small>我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述，我是缩略图里面的描述。</small>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

.thumbnail Rendering:

Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

##2.4 Responsive images

In order to make the image adapt to the size of the container, you can add the

.img-responsive style to the image.

.img-responsive Example: 

<img src="img/1.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="响应式图片">

You can also add

img-rounded/img-circle/img-thumbnail Make the image appear in a rounded/circular/thumbnail shape.

Example of changing image shape:

<!--代码部分-->
<div class="container-fluid">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-4">
            <img src="img/1.jpg" class="img-responsive img-rounded" alt="圆角">
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-4">
            <img src="img/1.jpg" class="img-responsive img-circle" alt="圆形">
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-4">
            <img src="img/1.jpg" class="img-responsive img-thumbnail" alt="缩略图">
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

Changing image shape rendering:

Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

3. Waterfall flow layout practice

3.1 Arrange the pictures

After reading the above content, let’s start the actual combat. First, use a grid structure to build an area for pictures. Here we leave 1/12 of the space on the left and right. 

<!--代码部分-->
<section class="container-fluid">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1">
        <!--这里放图片-->
        </div>
    </div>
</section>

Rendering:

Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

然后用上面所看到的带描述的缩略图样式，每个缩略图又占这中间 10/12（看作一个整体）的 4/12，每行放三个缩略图，放三行。缩略图里的图片用响应式图片的样式 .img-responsive 和圆角样式 .img-rounded 修饰下。

<!--代码部分-->
<section class="container-fluid">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1">
            <!--图片开始-->
            <div class="col-md-4">
                <div class="thumbnail">
                    <a href="javascript:void(0);">
                        <img  src="img/1.jpg" class="img-responsive img-rounded" alt="Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)" >
                    </a>
                    <div class="caption">
                        <h4>标题 - 实战</h4>
                        <p>
                            <small>阅读是运用语言文字来获取信息，认识世界，发展思维，并获得审美体验的活动。它是从视觉材料中获取信息的过程。视觉材料主要是文字和图片，也包括符号、公式、图表等。</small>
                        </p>
                    </div> 
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="col-md-4">
                <div class="thumbnail">
                    <a href="javascript:void(0);">
                        <img  src="img/2.jpg" class="img-responsive img-rounded" alt="Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)" >
                    </a>
                    <div class="caption">
                        <h4>标题 - 实战</h4>
                        <p>
                            <small>阅读是运用语言文字来获取信息，认识世界，发展思维，并获得审美体验的活动。它是从视觉材料中获取信息的过程。视觉材料主要是文字和图片，也包括符号、公式、图表等。</small>
                        </p>
                    </div> 
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="col-md-4">
                <div class="thumbnail">
                    <a href="javascript:void(0);">
                        <img  src="img/3.jpg" class="img-responsive img-rounded" alt="Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)" >
                    </a>
                    <div class="caption">
                        <h4>标题 - 实战</h4>
                        <p>
                            <small>阅读是运用语言文字来获取信息，认识世界，发展思维，并获得审美体验的活动。它是从视觉材料中获取信息的过程。视觉材料主要是文字和图片，也包括符号、公式、图表等。</small>
                        </p>
                    </div> 
                </div>
            </div>
            <!--第四到第九个缩略图-->
            ...
            ...
            ...
            ...
            ...
            ...
            <!--图片结束-->
        </div>
    </div>
</section>

效果图：

Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

3.2 实现瀑布流

到这里已经把图片排列好了，但是看起来怪怪的，因为上下图片之间有一片空隙，看起来很不美观，我们的瀑布流的特点是宽度一致，高度自适应布局。目前已经实现了宽度一致，要想实现高度自适应要用到 CSS3 中的一个样式 column-width。

官方解释：设置或检索对象每列的宽度，对应的脚本特性为 columnWidth。

给容器加了 column-width 这个样式时，浏览器会给你计算容器里面的 <div> 应该显示多少列，计算一个相对合理的布局方式。<p>首先我们给缩略图外部的容器加一个 <code>id="container"。

<!--代码部分-->
<div class="row">
    <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1" id="container">
        <!--图片开始-->
        <div class="col-md-4">
            <div class="thumbnail">

然后为这个 id 加上 column-width 样式。

<!--代码部分-->
#container{
    -webkit-column-width:354px; /*Safari and Chrome*/
    -moz-column-width:354px; /*Firefox*/
    -o-column-width:354px; /*Opera*/
    -ms-column-width:354px; /*IE*/
    column-width:354px;
}
#container>div{
    width:354px; /*宽度根据实际情况调节，应与上面一致*/
    overflow:auto; /*防止内容溢出导致布局错位*/
}

效果图：

Practical combat: Using Bootstrap to implement waterfall flow layout (with code)

因为现在主流浏览器（Chrome/Firefox/Opera/Safari）都已经支持了 CSS 变量，为了方便调试和维护，上面的 CSS 代码也可以这么写。

<!--代码部分-->
body{
    body{
    font-family:"微软雅黑";
    --img-width:354px; /*两根连词线"--"加变量名"img-width"声明变量*/
}
#container{
    -webkit-column-width:var(--img-width); /*用"var(--变量名)"使用变量*/
    -moz-column-width:var(--img-width);
    -o-column-width:var(--img-width);
    -ms-column-width:var(--img-width);
    column-width:var(--img-width);
}
/*另：var()里面可以放第二个参数，在变量不存在时取第二个值，例如var(--img-width,200px)中，如果"--img-width"不存在则使用第二个参数"200px"*/
#container>div{
    width:var(--img-width);
    overflow:auto;
}

到这里我们的 Bootstrap 瀑布流布局就完成了，一步步完成下来还是很简单的

演示地址：https://mazey.cn/bootstrap-blueprints/lesson-first-waterfall/index.html

源码地址：https://github.com/mazeyqian/bootstrap-blueprints/tree/master/lesson-first-waterfall

3.3 扩展

除了用 CSS3 实现瀑布流之外，还可以用 JavaScript 来实现这个效果，参考代码如下。

//页面加载完之后再加载瀑布流
window.onload = function(){
    //这里引用col-md-4是因为在盒子里包裹图片没有其他作用，如果不想冲突也可以创建其他Class
    loadWaterfall(&#39;container&#39;,&#39;col-md-4&#39;);
}

//加载瀑布流函数//思路来自Amy老师
function loadWaterfall(boxID,thumbnailClass){
    //获取装缩略图外部的盒子
    var box = document.getElementById(boxID);
    //获取装缩略图的数组
    var thumbnail = box.getElementsByClassName(thumbnailClass);
    //获取每个缩略图的宽度
    var thumbnailWidth = thumbnail[0].offsetWidth;
    //计算盒子内每行可以排列几个缩略图
    var colCount = Math.floor((document.documentElement.clientWidth*(10/12))/thumbnailWidth);
    //创建放每次整理好的高度数组
    var thumbnailHeightArr = [];
    for(var i = 0; i < thumbnail.length; i++){
        //获取第一行高度数组
        if(i < colCount){
            thumbnailHeightArr.push(thumbnail[i].offsetHeight);
        }else{
            //获取之前最小高度
            var minHeight = Math.min.apply(null,thumbnailHeightArr);
            //第一行最小高度索引
            var minIndex = thumbnailHeightArr.indexOf(minHeight);
            //将此缩略图放在上面那行最小高度下面
            thumbnail[i].style.position = &#39;absolute&#39;;
            //距离顶部长度为这个缩略图上面那个缩略图的长度
            thumbnail[i].style.top = minHeight + &#39;px&#39;;
            //距离左边长度为这个缩略图上面那个缩略图距离左边的长度
            thumbnail[i].style.left = thumbnail[minIndex].offsetLeft + &#39;px&#39;;
            //更新最小高度
            thumbnailHeightArr[minIndex] += thumbnail[i].offsetHeight;
        }
    }
}

用 JavaScript 实现瀑布流最明显的一个好处就是对于 IE 的兼容性更好一些，因为 Windows7 捆绑安装 IE 浏览器的缘故，国内使用 IE 的群体非常庞大，这使得我们在制作网页时不得不考虑 IE 浏览器的兼容问题。

JavaScript 实现瀑布流参考源码地址：https://github.com/mazeyqian/bootstrap-blueprints/tree/master/lesson-first-waterfall-javascript

四、总结

本文介绍了 Bootstrap 的基本配置、栅格系统、缩略图、响应式图片和部分 CSS3 样式，其中栅格系统因为可以实现响应式布局尤其重要。

作者后除

原文地址：https://blog.mazey.net/2399.html

（完）

更多关于bootstrap的相关知识，可访问：bootstrap基础教程！！

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