What does the hardware system include?

The hardware system includes arithmetic units, controllers, memories, input devices and output devices. The arithmetic unit operates and processes data and information; the controller enables each part of the computer to complete instructions in an orderly manner; the memory is used to save or read information.

#Environment of this article: windows10, Dell G3.

The so-called computer hardware refers to the various physical devices that make up a computer, that is, the actual physical devices that are visible and tangible that we introduced in "Understanding Computers". It includes the computer's host computer and peripheral devices. Specifically, it consists of five major functional components, namely: arithmetic unit, controller, memory, input device and output device. These five parts cooperate with each other and work together.

The simple working principle is that the input device first receives external information (programs and data), the controller issues instructions to send the data into the (internal) memory, and then issues an instruction fetch command to the internal memory. Under the instruction fetch command, program instructions are sent to the controller one by one. The controller decodes the instruction and issues storage, fetching and operation commands to the memory and arithmetic unit according to the operation requirements of the instruction. The arithmetic unit calculates and stores the calculation results in the memory. Finally, under the action of the fetch and output commands issued by the controller, the calculation results are output through the output device.

The electronic circuits and physical devices used in computer systems are visible and tangible entities, such as central processing unit (CPU), memory, external devices (input and output devices, I/O devices ) and buses, etc.

Computer hardware is an important part of a computer, which includes five important components: arithmetic unit, controller, memory, input device, and output device.

1. Operator.

The main function of the arithmetic unit in computer hardware is to calculate and process data and information. The arithmetic unit includes the following parts: general register, status register, accumulator and key arithmetic logic unit. The operator can perform arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and logical operations (AND or NOT).

2. Controller.

The controller and arithmetic unit together form the central processing unit (CPU). The controller can be regarded as the brain and command center of the computer. It allows the various components of the computer to complete instructions in an orderly manner by integrating and analyzing relevant data and information.

3. Memory.

As the name suggests, memory is the memory system of the computer and the notepad in the computer system. Unlike a notepad, the memory can not only save information, but also accept different information in the computer system and read the saved information. Memory consists of main memory and auxiliary memory. Main memory is commonly known as memory and is divided into two parts: RAM and ROM. Auxiliary storage is external storage, but when the computer processes information in external storage, it must first exchange information between internal and external storage.

4. Input device.

Input devices and output devices are key devices for human-computer interaction. The emergence of input devices such as mice and keyboards has brought about earth-shaking changes to computers. There are two main types of existing mice: optical mice and mechanical mice. Through the mouse, we can easily position coordinates on the computer screen, and can operate graphics and software processing well, providing the greatest convenience for humans. The keyboard is also a very important input device. Most of the computer instructions are entered through the keyboard.

5. Output device.

The output device is also a key device for computer human-computer interaction. Its characteristic is that it can display computer information in the form of a picture, which is very intuitive. Common output devices include monitors, printers, voice and video output devices, etc.

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