First build the database table, the MySQL table for demonstration, and the table creation statement:
CREATE TABLE `emp` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键', `empno` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员工号', `ename` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员姓名', `job` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '工作', `mgr` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '经理的工号', `hiredate` date DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇用日期', `sal` double DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '工资', `comm` double DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '津贴', `deptno` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '所属部门号', PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='雇员表';CREATE TABLE `dept` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键', `deptno` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '部门号', `dname` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '部门名称', `loc` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '地址', PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='部门表';CREATE TABLE `salgrade` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '主键', `grade` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '等级', `lowsal` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '最低工资', `hisal` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '最高工资', PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='工资等级表';CREATE TABLE `bonus` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '主键', `ename` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员姓名', `job` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '工作', `sal` double DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '工资', `comm` double DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '津贴', PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='奖金表';复制代码
The subsequent execution plan, query optimization, index optimization and other knowledge drills are based on the above table to operate.
To perform SQL tuning, you have to know how the SQL statement to be tuned is executed, and check the specific execution process of the SQL statement to speed up the SQL statement. execution efficiency.
You can use the explain SQL
statement to simulate the optimizer executing a SQL query statement, so as to know how MySQL processes SQL statements.
For explain
, you can read the official website introduction.
mysql> explain select * from emp; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | emp | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+复制代码
Explanation of fields id
, select_type
and other fields:
Column | Meaning |
---|---|
id | The SELECT identifier ) |
select_type | The SELECT type(The SELECT type) |
table | The table for the output row (output the row's table name) |
partitions | The matching partitions (matching partitions) |
type | The join type |
possible_keys | The possible indexes to choose (possible index selection) |
key | The index actually chosen |
key_len | The length of the chosen key (the length of the selected key) |
ref | The columns compared to the index (the columns compared with the index) |
rows | Estimate of rows to be examined |
filtered | Percentage of rows filtered by table condition (percentage of rows filtered by table condition) |
extra | Additional information |
id
select查询的序列号,包含一组数字,表示查询中执行select子句或者操作表的顺序。
id
号分为三类:
mysql> explain select * from emp e join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno join salgrade sg on e.sal between sg.lowsal and sg.hisal; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | e | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | d | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) | | 1 | SIMPLE | sg | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+复制代码
这个查询,用explain执行一下,
id
序号都是1,那么MySQL的执行顺序就是从上到下执行的。
mysql> explain select * from emp e where e.deptno in (select d.deptno from dept d where d.dname = 'SALEDept'); +----+--------------+-------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+--------------+-------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | <subquery2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | e | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) | | 2 | MATERIALIZED | d | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using where | +----+--------------+-------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+复制代码</subquery2>
这个例子的执行顺序是先执行
id
为2的,然后执行id
为1的。
还是上面那个例子,先执行
id
为2的,然后按顺序从上往下执行id
为1的。
select_type
主要用来分辨查询的类型,是普通查询还是联合查询还是子查询。
select_type Value |
JSON Name | Meaning |
---|---|---|
SIMPLE | None | Simple SELECT (not using UNION or subqueries) |
PRIMARY | None | Outermost SELECT |
UNION | None | Second or later SELECT statement in a UNION |
DEPENDENT UNION | dependent (true) | Second or later SELECT statement in a UNION, dependent on outer query |
UNION RESULT | union_result | Result of a UNION. |
SUBQUERY | None | First SELECT in subquery |
DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | dependent (true) | First SELECT in subquery, dependent on outer query |
DERIVED | None | Derived table |
MATERIALIZED | materialized_from_subquery | Materialized subquery |
UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY | cacheable (false) | A subquery for which the result cannot be cached and must be re-evaluated for each row of the outer query |
UNCACHEABLE UNION | cacheable (false) | The second or later select in a UNION that belongs to an uncacheable subquery (see UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY) |
SIMPLE
简单的查询,不包含子查询和unionmysql> explain select * from emp; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | emp | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+复制代码
primary
查询中若包含任何复杂的子查询,最外层查询则被标记为Primaryunion
若第二个select出现在union之后,则被标记为unionmysql> explain select * from emp where deptno = 1001 union select * from emp where sal | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+复制代码
这条语句的select_type
包含了primary
和union
dependent union
跟union类似,此处的depentent表示union或union all联合而成的结果会受外部表影响union result
从union表获取结果的selectdependent subquery
subquery的子查询要受到外部表查询的影响mysql> explain select * from emp e where e.empno in ( select empno from emp where deptno = 1001 union select empno from emp where sal | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+复制代码
这条SQL执行包含了PRIMARY
、DEPENDENT SUBQUERY
、DEPENDENT UNION
和UNION RESULT
subquery
在select或者where列表中包含子查询举例:
mysql> explain select * from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp) ; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | emp | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | 33.33 | Using where | | 2 | SUBQUERY | emp | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+复制代码
DERIVED
from子句中出现的子查询,也叫做派生表MATERIALIZED
Materialized subquery?UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY
表示使用子查询的结果不能被缓存例如:
mysql> explain select * from emp where empno = (select empno from emp where deptno=@@sort_buffer_size); +----+----------------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+----------------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | emp | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | 100.00 | Using where | | 2 | UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY | emp | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | 25.00 | Using where | +----+----------------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+复制代码
uncacheable union
表示union的查询结果不能被缓存table
对应行正在访问哪一个表,表名或者别名,可能是临时表或者union合并结果集。
- 如果是具体的表名,则表明从实际的物理表中获取数据,当然也可以是表的别名
- 表名是derivedN的形式,表示使用了id为N的查询产生的衍生表
- 当有union result的时候,表名是union n1,n2等的形式,n1,n2表示参与union的id
type
type显示的是访问类型,访问类型表示我是以何种方式去访问我们的数据,最容易想到的是全表扫描,直接暴力的遍历一张表去寻找需要的数据,效率非常低下。
访问的类型有很多,效率从最好到最坏依次是:
system > const > eq_ref > ref > fulltext > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL
一般情况下,得保证查询至少达到range级别,最好能达到ref
all
全表扫描,一般情况下出现这样的sql语句而且数据量比较大的话那么就需要进行优化通常,可以通过添加索引来避免ALL
index
全索引扫描这个比all的效率要好,主要有两种情况:range
表示利用索引查询的时候限制了范围,在指定范围内进行查询,这样避免了index的全索引扫描,适用的操作符: =, , >, >=, 官网上举例如下:
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key_column = 10;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key_column BETWEEN 10 and 20;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key_column IN (10,20,30);
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key_part1 = 10 AND key_part2 IN (10,20,30);
index_subquery
利用索引来关联子查询,不再扫描全表value IN (SELECT key_column FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)
unique_subquery
该连接类型类似与index_subquery,使用的是唯一索引value IN (SELECT primary_key FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)
index_merge
在查询过程中需要多个索引组合使用ref_or_null
对于某个字段既需要关联条件,也需要null值的情况下,查询优化器会选择这种访问方式SELECT * FROM ref_table
WHERE key_column=expr OR key_column IS NULL;
fulltext
使用FULLTEXT索引执行joinref
使用了非唯一性索引进行数据的查找SELECT * FROM ref_table WHERE key_column=expr;
SELECT * FROM ref_table,other_table WHERE ref_table.key_column=other_table.column;
SELECT * FROM ref_table,other_table WHERE ref_table.key_column_part1=other_table.column AND ref_table.key_column_part2=1;
eq_ref
使用唯一性索引进行数据查找SELECT * FROM ref_table,other_table WHERE ref_table.key_column=other_table.column;
SELECT * FROM ref_table,other_table WHERE ref_table.key_column_part1=other_table.column AND ref_table.key_column_part2=1;
const
这个表至多有一个匹配行SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE primary_key=1;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE primary_key_part1=1 AND primary_key_part2=2;
例如:
mysql> explain select * from emp where id = 1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | emp | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+复制代码
system
表只有一行记录(等于系统表),这是const类型的特例,平时不会出现possible_keys
显示可能应用在这张表中的索引,一个或多个,查询涉及到的字段上若存在索引,则该索引将被列出,但不一定被查询实际使用
key
实际使用的索引,如果为null,则没有使用索引,查询中若使用了覆盖索引,则该索引和查询的select字段重叠
key_len
表示索引中使用的字节数,可以通过key_len计算查询中使用的索引长度,在不损失精度的情况下长度越短越好
ref
显示索引的哪一列被使用了,如果可能的话,是一个常数
rows
根据表的统计信息及索引使用情况,大致估算出找出所需记录需要读取的行数,此参数很重要,直接反应的sql找了多少数据,在完成目的的情况下越少越好
extra
包含额外的信息
using filesort
说明mysql无法利用索引进行排序,只能利用排序算法进行排序,会消耗额外的位置using temporary
建立临时表来保存中间结果,查询完成之后把临时表删除using index
这个表示当前的查询是覆盖索引的,直接从索引中读取数据,而不用访问数据表。如果同时出现using where 表明索引被用来执行索引键值的查找,如果没有,表示索引被用来读取数据,而不是真的查找using where
使用where进行条件过滤using join buffer
使用连接缓存impossible where
where语句的结果总是false想要了解索引的优化方式,必须要对索引的底层原理有所了解。
索引用于快速查找具有特定列值的行。
如果没有索引,MySQL必须从第一行开始,然后通读整个表以找到相关的行。
表越大花费的时间越多,如果表中有相关列的索引,MySQL可以快速确定要在数据文件中间查找的位置,而不必查看所有数据。这比顺序读取每一行要快得多。
既然MySQL索引能帮助我们快速查询到数据,那么它的底层是怎么存储数据的呢?
hash
hash表的索引格式
Disadvantages of storing data in hash tables:
In fact, when the MySQL storage engine is memory
, the index data structure uses a hash table.
Binary tree
The structure of the binary tree is like this:
The binary tree will cause data loss due to the depth of the tree. Tilt, if the depth of the tree is too deep, it will cause more IO times and affect the efficiency of data reading.
AVL tree Needs to be rotated, see the legend:
Red-black tree There are more operations besides rotation A color-changing
function (in order to reduce rotation), although the insertion speed is fast, the query efficiency is lost.
Binary tree, AVL tree, red-black tree will all be caused by the depth of the tree being too deep. The number of IO times increases, which affects the efficiency of data reading.
Let’s take a look at B tree
Features of B tree:
Legend description:
Each node occupies one disk block, There are two ascending-order keys on a node and three pointers to the root node of the subtree. The pointers store the address of the disk block where the child node is located.
The three ranges divided by the two keywords correspond to the ranges of the data of the subtree pointed to by the three pointers.
Taking the root node as an example, the keywords are 16 and 34. The data range of the subtree pointed by the P1 pointer is less than 16, the data range of the subtree pointed by the P2 pointer is 16~34, and the data range pointed by the P3 pointer The data range of the subtree is greater than 34.
Keyword search process:
1. Find disk block 1 based on the root node and read it into memory. [Disk I/O operation 1st time]
2. Compare keyword 28 in the interval (16,34), find the pointer P2 of disk block 1.
3. Find disk block 3 according to the P2 pointer and read it into the memory. [Disk I/O operation 2nd time]
4. Compare keyword 28 in the interval (25,31), find the pointer P2 of disk block 3.
5. Find disk block 8 according to the P2 pointer and read it into the memory. [Disk I/O operation 3rd time]
6. Find keyword 28 in the keyword list in disk block 8.
From this, we can know the shortcomings of B-tree storage:
Official website: Most MySQL indexes (PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, INDEX, and FULLTEXT) are stored in B-trees
Don't get me wrong, in fact, the storage structure of the MySQL index is B tree
. After our analysis above, we know that B tree
is inappropriate.
mysql index data structure---B Tree
B Tree is an optimization based on BTree, with the following changes:
1. Each node of B Tree can contain more nodes. There are two reasons for this. The first reason is to reduce the height of the tree. The second reason is to change the data range into multiple intervals. The more, the faster the data retrieval is.
2. Non-leaf nodes store keys, and leaf nodes store keys and data.
3. Two pointers of leaf nodes are connected to each other (in line with the read-ahead characteristics of the disk), and the sequential query performance is higher.
B tree storage search diagram:
注意:
在B+Tree上有两个头指针,一个指向根节点,另一个指向关键字最小的叶子节点,而且所有叶子节点(即数据节点)之间是一种链式环结构。
因此可以对 B+Tree 进行两种查找运算:一种是对于主键的范围查找和分页查找,另一种是从根节点开始,进行随机查找。
由于B+树叶子结点只存放data,根节点只存放key,那么我们计算一下,即使只有3层B+树,也能制成千万级别的数据。
假设有这样一个表如下,其中id是主键:
mysql> select * from stu; +------+---------+------+| id | name | age | +------+---------+------+| 1 | Jack Ma | 18 | | 2 | Pony | 19 | +------+---------+------+复制代码
我们对普通列建普通索引,这时候我们来查:
select * from stu where name='Pony';复制代码
由于name
建了索引,查询时先找name
的B+树
,找到主键id
后,再找主键id
的B+树
,从而找到整行记录。
这个最终会回到主键上来查找B+树,这个就是回表
。
如果是这个查询:
mysql> select id from stu where name='Pony';复制代码
就没有回表了,因为直接找到主键id
,返回就完了,不需要再找其他的了。
没有回表就叫覆盖索引
。
再来以name
和age
两个字段建组合索引(name, age),然后有这样一个查询:
select * from stu where name=? and age=?复制代码
这时按照组合索引(name, age)
查询,先匹配name
,再匹配age
,如果查询变成这样:
select * from stu where age=?复制代码
直接不按name
查了,此时索引不会生效,也就是不会按照索引查询---这就是最左匹配
原则。
加入我就要按age查,还要有索引来优化呢?可以这样做:
age
字段单独建个索引可能也叫
谓词下推
。。。
select t1.name,t2.name from t1 join t2 on t1.id=t2.id复制代码
t1有10条记录,t2有20条记录。
我们猜想一下,这个要么按这个方式执行:
先t1,t2按id合并(合并后20条),然后再查t1.name,t2.name
或者:
先把t1.name,t2.name找出来,再按照id关联
如果不使用索引条件下推优化的话,MySQL只能根据索引查询出t1,t2合并后的所有行,然后再依次比较是否符合全部条件。
当使用了索引条件下推优化技术后,可以通过索引中存储的数据判断当前索引对应的数据是否符合条件,只有符合条件的数据才将整行数据查询出来。
Explain
为了知道优化SQL语句的执行,需要查看SQL语句的具体执行过程,以加快SQL语句的执行效率。更多相关免费学习推荐:mysql教程(视频)
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