深入理解CSS定位中的堆叠z-index - 小火柴的蓝色理想-HTML Tutorial-php.cn

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深入理解CSS定位中的堆叠z-index - 小火柴的蓝色理想

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May 21, 2016 am 08:42 AM

前面的话

　　对于所有定位，最后都不免遇到两个元素试图放在同一位置上的情况。显然，其中一个必须盖住另一个。但，如何控制哪个元素放在上层，这就引入了属性z-index

定义

　　利用z-index，可以改变元素相互覆盖的顺序。这个属性的名字由坐标系统得来，其中从左向右是x轴，从上到下是y轴。从屏幕到用户是z轴。在这个坐标系中，较高z-index值的元素比较低z-index值的元素离用户更近，这会导致较高z-index值的元素覆盖其他元素，这也称为堆叠或叠放

z-index

　　值: | auto | inherit

　　初始值: auto

　　应用于: 定位元素

　　继承性: 无

　　[注意]z-index应用于定位元素是CSS2的规范，到了CSS3标准，z-index的应用范围扩大了不少

　　[注意]所有整数都可以作为z-index的值，包括负数。如果为元素指定一个负z-index值，会将其移到离读者更远的位置，会移到叠放栈的更低层

堆叠规则

　　对于CSS2.1来说，页面元素的堆叠规则如下图所示:

定位元素的堆叠规则

　　[1]对于定位元素(position不是static的元素)来说，不设置z-index或z-index相同时，后面元素覆盖前面元素

　　[2]对于处于同一堆叠上下文中的同一层次的元素来说，默认z-index较大值覆盖z-index较小值

堆叠上下文

　　一旦为一个元素指定了z-index值(不是auto)，该元素会建立自己的局部堆叠上下文。这意味着，元素的所有后代相对于该祖先元素都有其自己的叠放顺序

　　[注意]auto值指当前堆叠上下文中生成的栈层次与其父框的层次相同，这个框不会建立新的局部叠放上下文。z-index:auto与z-index:0的值相等，但z-index:0会建立新的局部堆叠上下文

默认样式

<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">ul </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="list1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="one"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>1<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="two"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>2<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="three"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>3<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="four"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>4<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">ul</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">ul </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="list2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="five"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>5<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
        <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">li </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="six"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>6<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">li</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">ul</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>    
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="seven"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>7<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="eight"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>8<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

<span style="color: #800000;">.box1</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.box2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> auto</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.list1</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
.list2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#one</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> -1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#two</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#three</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 0</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#four</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> auto</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#five</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#six</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#seven</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;}<span style="color: #800000;">
#eight</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> -1</span>;}

<span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;">堆叠顺序</span>
.box1                  <span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1           </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1 #one      </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span>,-<span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1 #two      </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1 #three    </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">0</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list1 #four     </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">,auto
.box1 .list2           </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list2 #five     </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box1 .list2 #six      </span><span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span>,<span style="color: #800080;">1</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box2                  auto
.box2 #seven           auto,</span><span style="color: #800080;">2</span><span style="color: #000000;">
.box2 #eight           auto,</span>-<span style="color: #800080;">1</span>

　　[注意]auto,2和auto,-1相当于2和-1，因为auto代表未产生堆叠上下文。则#seven和#eight相当于和它们的父级.box2以及.box1处于同一层次

　　元素不会叠放在其堆叠上下文(即定位父级z-index为数字值)的背景之下，但可以叠放在其内容之下；当元素没有处于堆叠上下文中，元素不会叠放在

元素的背景之下，但可以叠放在其内容之下

兼容

【1】IE7-浏览器z-index的默认值是0

　　一般地，定位元素的z-index的默认值是auto，而IE7-浏览器定位元素的z-index的默认值是0，二者的区别于IE7-浏览器的定位元素会自动生成堆叠上下文

<span style="color: #800000;">div</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    border</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1px solid black</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">    
.div1</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 300px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> pink</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
.div2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightgreen</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    top</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 50px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    left</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 50px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 200px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 200px</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
.in2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 150px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightblue</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    border</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> none</span>;
}

<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="div1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="div2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="in2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span>

　　一般地，div1的堆叠顺序为1;div2的堆叠顺序为auto;in2的堆叠顺序为auto,2相当于2。所以覆盖层次为in2 覆盖 div1 覆盖 div2。但在IE7-浏览器中，div1的堆叠顺序为1;div2的堆叠顺序为0;in2的堆叠顺序为0,2。所以覆盖层次为div1 覆盖 in2 覆盖 div2

　　左边为其他浏览器图示，右边为IE7-浏览器图示

【2】IE6-浏览器关于z-index的一个怪异bug

　　当元素本身浮动且不是定位元素(position不是static)，元素父级是relative，则在IE6-浏览器在无论该元素的父级的z-index如何设置都不起作用

<span style="color: #800000;">.div1</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 1</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> pink</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
.box</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> relative</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">2</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
.div2</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    float</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> left</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 150px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 50px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> lightgreen</span>;
}

<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="div1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="div2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>    
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span>

　　左边是IE6浏览器结果，右边是其他浏览器结果

解决方法

　　[1]元素去除浮动

　　[2]父级元素的相对定位改成绝对定位

　　[3]元素添加position属性(static除外)

　　以上三个方法任一方法都可以，其实就是在破坏bug成立的条件

【3】IE6-浏览器下select的z-index无效而遮挡div

　　IE6-浏览器下select设置z-index无效，且默认会堆叠在div上

<span style="color: #800000;">.box</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    left</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 30px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">2</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    background-color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> pink</span>;
}<span style="color: #800000;">
select</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;">1</span>;
}

<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">select </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">name</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="select"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="slt1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">option </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">value</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>第一项<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">option</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">option </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">value</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>第二项<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">option</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">select</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span>

　　左边是IE6浏览器结果，右边是其他浏览器结果

解决方法

　　在IE6-浏览器中，虽然div无法覆盖select，但是iframe可以select。所以可以设置一个与div宽高相同的iframe。让div覆盖iframe，iframe覆盖select，最终达到select被div覆盖的效果

<span style="color: #800000;">iframe</span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    left</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 30px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    position</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> absolute</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 100px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;">
    z-index</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2</span>;
}

iframe src="#" frameborder="0">iframe>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">div </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="box"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span><span style="color: #800000;">div</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">select </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">name</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="select"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="slt1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">option </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">value</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="1"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>第一项<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">option</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #800000;">option </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">value</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="2"</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>第二项<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">option</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;"></span><span style="color: #800000;">select</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span></span></span></span></span>

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