Detailed explanation of regular expressions

The regular expression language consists of two basic character types: literal (normal) text characters and metacharacters.

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Metacharacters have the ability to be processed using regular expressions. Metacharacters can be any single character placed in [ ] (for example, [a] means matching a single lowercase character a), or a sequence of characters ( For example, [a-d] means matching any character between a, b, c, d, and \w means any English letters, numbers and underscores), Common metacharacters are as follows:

Common metacharacters

is the opposite of ~ matches any whitespace character, equivalent to ~ is the opposite of ~ matches any single digit between 0 and 9, equivalent to ~##\D\d##[\u4e00-\u9fa5] (the Chinese characters represented by \b~^ when placed before the first character of the brackets, it becomes $~Regular expression qualifier

Characters	Description	Special instructions
.	Matches any character except the newline character (\n)	~
[abcde]	matches any character among a b c d e	All characters are or . The relationship
[a-h]	matches a to Any character between h	~
[^fgh]	does not match Any character in fgh matches	. Add ^ before the first character of the square brackets [ ] to indicate negation Does not match any characters appearing inside square brackets
\w	Matches uppercase and lowercase English characters and numbers 0 to 9 Any one between and the underscore is equivalent to [a-zA-Z0-9_]	~
##\W	\w and is equivalent to [^a-zA-Z0-9_]
\s	[\f\n\r\t\v]
\S	\s, equivalent to [^\s]
\d	[0-9]
# is the opposite of	, equivalent to [^0-9]~
Matches any single Chinese character (Chinese)	Unicode encoding are used here) ~
Matches the beginning or end of a word
Matches the beginning of the string	which means inverse
Match the end of the string

Function: Limit the number of occurrences of the

unit

preceding this symbol.

Unit:
If the preceding character is a character, then this one The character is a

unit

1. If we used parentheses to enclose a long string before, then the entire parentheses are considered a unit
2. The above metacharacters are all matched against a single character. If you want to match multiple characters at the same time, you need to use qualifiers. The following are some common qualifiers (
n in the table below

and m both represent

integer. )

CharactersDescriptionSpecial Instructions*?{n}~{n, }~{n,m}~\b ~^~$~

Explanation - Special case

1. You can surround multiple metacharacters or literal text characters with brackets to form a group, such as ^(13)[4-9]\d{8}$ represents any mobile phone number starting with 13.
   1. abcabcabc represents the last letter c appearing 1 or more times;
   2. (abcabcabc) represents the entire stringabcabcabc appears 1 or more times.
2. You can use | to indicate the relationship of or , for example, z|j|q indicates matching Any letter among z, j, q. In fact, it is equivalent to [zjq].
   3. ab|cd|ef means: either ab, cd or ef.
   4. a(b|cd|e)f means: starting with a, either b or cdEither e, ending with f.
   5. Summary: The only boundary of | ( or ) is parentheses (( ))
3. [0-9A-Z.?] How do you understand this regular rule?
   7. When . and ? appear in square brackets , . and ? Will become normal characters, which are dots and question marks. You can understand that the priority of [ ] is greater than the priority of . and ?.
   8. This regular expression will exactly match the string ?aaa.bbb, remember here . and ? are completely treated as ordinary characters.

Advanced 1 - Multi-selection structure

The multi-selection structure is actually the use of metacharacters | (or).
Defining range: beginning, end, parentheses

matches 0 to multiple metacharacters, equivalent to {0,}	~
matches 0 to 1 metacharacter, equivalent to {0,1}	~
matches at least 1 metacharacter, equivalent to {1,}	~
Match n metacharacters
Match at least n metacharacters
Match n to m metacharacters
Match word boundaries
The string must start with the specified character
The string must end with the specified character

Regular	Meaning
Windows98|Windows2000|WindowsXP	matches Windows98 or Windows2000 or WindowsXP
^Windows98|Windows2000|WindowsXP$	Starts with Windows98 or contains Windows2000 or ends with WindowsXP Note that ^ and $ are both included in the range of |, because the boundaries of | are only: beginning, end, parentheses
Windows(98|2000|XP)	Windowsthen98 or 2000 orXP

Summary: The multi-selection structure can include many characters, but it cannot exceed the boundaries of brackets.

Advanced 2 - Grouping and Backreferences

Grouping

• We already know how to repeat a single character;
• But if you want to What should I do if I want to repeat a string? You can use parentheses to specify subexpressions (also called groupings) .
• (\d{1,3}\.){3}\d{1,3} Simple IP address matching expression
• But it will also Matches the impossible IP address 256.300.888.999. Can you write a more accurate regex?
• ((2[0-4]\d|25[0-5]|[01]?\d\d?)\.){3}(2[0-4] \d|25[0-5]|[01]?\d\d?)

Backreference

• Use parentheses to specify a sub After an expression (grouped), text matching this subexpression can be captured for further processing within the expression or other programs.
• By default, each group will automatically have a group number. The rules are: With the left bracket of the group as the symbol, from left to right, the first group number The group number is 1, the second one is 2, and so on.

Example:

• ##\b(\w )\b\s \1\b can be used to match duplicates The word
matches words such as:
• where where go, tom tom happy

## Straightforward explanation:

in the regular expression , use parentheses in the front to divide (group), and then put the content matched by the parentheses and quote
to the back, using \1, \2, etc. To represent. (The first parenthesis is \1...). If there are parentheses nested inside parentheses (\w (.?)) Remember: At this time, you need to use ( as the symbol to count the parentheses from left to right. .Advanced 3 - Look Around (Zero Width Assertion)

Look around does not match any characters, only

specific positions in the text
• . Similar to \b, ^, $ like that. Looking around will not occupy characters. Looking around is divided into
order
• There are two kinds of reverse order: order
  • (?=exp)
    • The following position can match exp . For example: (?=\d) The right side of the current position is a number.
    (?!exp)
    • The following of the position cannot be matched exp. For example: (?!\d) The right side of the current position is not a number.
    Reverse order
  • (? The in front of the position can match exp. For example: (? To the left of the current position It is a number <code>
  (?. The in front of the position cannot match exp. For example: (?!\d ) The left side of the current position is not a number.

Advanced 4 - Greed and Lazy

When the regular expression When it contains

quantifier
• (a specified number of codes, such as , *, {3,12}, etc.) that can be repeated , The usual behavior is to match as many characters as possible . Regular expression:
a.*b
• , it will match the longest character ending with a# A string starting with ## and ending with b. If you use it to search for aabab, it will match the entire string aabab, which is called -- -----Greedy matching-
We need more
• Lazy matching
, that is, matching as few characters as possible, as given above All quantifiers can be converted into lazy matching patterns.
• Just add a question mark after it ? . In this way, .*? means matching any number of repetitions , but use the least repeated under the premise that the entire can be matched successfully. a.*?b
matches the shortest one, starting with
• a , a string ending with b. If applied to aabab, it will match aab and ab. Summary:

The difference between greedy and lazy mode is:

Lazy mode

is behind the quantifier

* There is one more question mark ?. Advanced 5 - Priority of pattern matching

When using regular expressions, you need to pay attention to the order of matching. Usually the same priority

is calculated from left to right

, and operations with different priorities

are higher first and then lower . The matching order priority of various operators is from high to low as shown in the following table.

##5Pattern selection

Order	Metacharacters	Description
1	\	Escape characters
2	()、(?:)、(?=)、[]	Mode units and atom tables
3	*, ,? 、{n}、{n,}、{n,m}	Duplicate match
4	^、$、\b、\B、\A、\Z	Border restrictions
	|

Example

1. Character escape

1Q: To match the string

333333\$33\ How should the \$ in 33333 be written? 2 Question: If the
preg_match function in PHP uses the expressions of single quotes and double quotes to match the above \$,how to write?

Answer:

The rule required for the expression is
• \\\$
Use single quotes to express the above The string
• '/\\\\\\$/'. (For the convenience of viewing, we split it into '/\\ \\ \\ $/')
Use double quotes to represent the above string
• "/\\\\ \\\$/". (For the convenience of viewing, we split it into "/\\ \\ \\ \$/")
What are you asking?

Another answer:

Single quotes in PHP do not escape any characters, but only escape
1. \, So we need 6 \ to generate the expression.
2. In addition to escaping

   \, double quotes also need one more \ to escape $, so it requires 7 \.

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