学习要点:
1.颜色表方案
2.度量单位
主讲教师:李炎恢
本章主要探讨 HTML5 中 CSS 颜色和度量单位等问题,包括颜色的选取方式、相对长度和绝对长度等。
一.颜色表方案
颜色的表现形式主要有三种方式:颜色名称、十六进制代码和十进制代码。
<span style="color: #800000;">p </span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;"> color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> red</span>; }
解释:这是将一个段落内的文字设置为红色,采用的是英文颜色名称。问题是,其他各种颜色我们将如何设置?
在古老的 HTML4 时,颜色名称只有 16 种。
颜色名称 |
十六进制代码 |
十进制代码 |
含义 |
black |
#000000 |
0,0,0 |
黑色 |
silver |
#c0c0c0 |
192,192,192 |
银灰色 |
gray |
#808080 |
128,128,128 |
灰色 |
white |
#ffffff |
255,255,255 |
白色 |
maroon |
#800000 |
128,0,0 |
栗色 |
red |
#ff0000 |
255,0,0 |
红色 |
purple |
#800080 |
128,0,128 |
紫色 |
fuchsia |
#ff00ff |
255,0,255 |
紫红 |
green |
#008000 |
0,128,0 |
绿色 |
lime |
#00ff00 |
0,255,0 |
闪光绿 |
olive |
#808000 |
128,128,0 |
橄榄色 |
yellow |
#ffff00 |
255,255,0 |
黄色 |
navy |
#000080 |
0,0,128 |
海军蓝 |
blue |
#0000ff |
0,0,255 |
蓝色 |
teal |
#008080 |
0,128,128 |
水鸭色 |
aqua |
#00ffff |
0,255,255 |
浅绿色 |
当然,目前颜色名称远远不止这些,可以搜索更多的 HTML 颜色表或 CSS 颜色表查阅。这里提供一些页面如下:
http://xh.5156edu.com/page/z1015m9220j18754.html
http://finle.me/colors.html
http://www.w3school.com.cn/tags/html_ref_colornames.asp
在上面的表格中,我们也罗列出对应的十六进制和十进制颜色表示方法。使用方法如下:
//红色的十六进制方案
<span style="color: #800000;">p </span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;"> color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> #ff0000</span>; }
十进制表示方法就比较多样化,有四种方案:
函数 |
说明 |
示例 |
rgb(r,g,b) |
用 RGB 模型表示颜色 |
rgb(0,128,128) |
rgba(r,g,b,a) |
同上,a 表示透明度 0~1 之间 |
rgba(0,128,128,0.5) |
hsl(h,s,l) |
用 HSL 模型(色相、饱和度和透明度)来表示颜色 |
hsl(120,100%,30%) |
hsla(h,s,l,a) |
同上,a 表示透明度 0~1 之间 |
hsla(120,100%,30%,0.5) |
<span style="color: #800000;">p </span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;"> color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> rgb(112, 128, 114)</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> rgba(0, 128, 128, 0.5)</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> hsl(120, 100%, 30%)</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> color</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> hsla(120, 100%, 30%, 0.5)</span>; }
目前又有一个疑问,这些值从哪里获取。除了颜色表之外,想要微调自己的颜色值。我们可以使用 photoshop 等平面设计软件的调色板获取相应的值。
二.度量单位
在 CSS 长度设置中,我们经常需要使用到度量单位,即以什么样的单位设计我们的字体或边框长度。而在 CSS 中长度单位又分为绝对长度和相对长度。
绝对长度指的是现实世界的度量单位,CSS 支持五种绝对长度单位。 |
|
绝对长度单位 |
|
单位标识符 |
说明 |
in |
英寸 |
cm |
厘米 |
mm |
毫米 |
pt |
磅 |
pc |
pica |
相对长度指的是依托其他类型的单位,也是五种。 |
|
相对长度单位 |
|
单位标识符 |
说明 |
em |
与元素字号挂钩 |
ex |
与元素字体的“x 高度”挂钩 |
rem |
与根元素的字号挂钩 |
px |
像素,与分辨率挂钩 |
% |
相对另一值的百分比 |
下面我们使用一些常用的单位作为演示,而不做演示的基本用不到了。
//em 相对单位
<span style="color: #800000;">p </span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;"> margin</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 0</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> padding</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 0</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> background</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> silver</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> font-size</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 15px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 2em</span>; }
解释:em 是相对单位,与字号大小挂钩,会根据字体大小改变自己的大小,灵活性很高。
//px 相对单位,绝对特性
<span style="color: #800000;">p </span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;"> margin</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 0</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> padding</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 0</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> background</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> silver</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> font-size</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 15px</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> height</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 55px</span>; }
解释:虽然 px 也是相对单位,但由于和分辨率挂钩,导致他其实就变成一个绝对单位了,自然灵活性没有 em 高,但是使用难度较低,且大量的开发者习惯性使用它。
//%百分比
<span style="color: #800000;">p </span>{<span style="color: #ff0000;"> margin</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 0</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> padding</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 0</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> background</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> silver</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> font-size</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 200%</span>;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> width</span>:<span style="color: #0000ff;"> 50%</span>; }
解释:长度比较好理解,就是挂钩它所在区块的宽度。而 font-size 则是继承到的原始大小的百分比。

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