A brief introduction to closures in Python (with examples)

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1: Introduction
Functional programming is not necessary for programs, but it plays an important role in simplifying programs.
Everything in Python is an object, and functions are also objects

   a = 1
    a = 'str'
    a = func

2: Closure

A closure is an entity composed of a function and its related reference environment ( That is: closure = function environment variable)
If in an inner function, a variable in the outer scope (but not in the global scope) is referenced, then the inner function is considered a closure, This is the most straightforward explanation! And the value of this variable will not be modified by the same variable value in the module!

3: The role of closure

Use less global variables. Closure can avoid using global variables
You can call the value inside the function from outside the function:
print(f .__closure__[0].cell_contents)
# Return the value of the environment variable in the closure!
Module operation is not possible!

# ----------------------------------------------#
# 闭包
# ----------------------------------------------#
# 函数内部定义函数
def curve_pre():
    def curve():
        print("抛物线")
        pass
    return curve
# 不能直接调用函数内部的函数
# curve()
func = curve_pre()
func()
def curve_pre1():
    a = 25  # 环境变量a的值在curve1外部

    def curve1(x):
        print("抛物线")
        return a * x ** 2
    return curve1       # 返回了的闭包
f = curve_pre1()
result = f(2)
print(result)
# 当在外部定义变量的时候，结果不会改变
a = 10
print(f(2))
print(f.__closure__)    # 检测函数是不是闭包
print(f.__closure__[0].cell_contents)    # 返回闭包中环境变量的值！
# ----------------------------------------------#
# 闭包的实例
# ----------------------------------------------#
def f1():
    m = 10
    def f2():
        m = 20  # 局部变量
        print("1:", m)  # m = 20
    print("2:", m)      # m = 10
    f2()
    print("3:", m)      # m = 10,臂包里面的值不会影响闭包外面的值
    return f2
f1()
f = f1()
print(f.__closure__)    # 判断是不是闭包

# ----------------------------------------------#
# 闭包解决一个问题
# ----------------------------------------------#
# 在函数内部修改全局变量的值计算某人的累计步数
# 普通方法实现
sum_step = 0


def calc_foot(step=0):
    global sum_step
    sum_step = sum_step + step


while True:
    x_step = input('step_number:')
    if x_step == ' ':   # 输入空格结束输入
        print('total step is ', sum_step)
        break
    calc_foot(int(x_step))
    print(sum_step)

# 闭包方式实现----->少使用全局变量，闭包可以避免


def factory(pos):

    def move(step):
        nonlocal pos    # 修改外部作用域而非全局变量的值
        new_pose = pos + step
        pos = new_pose  # 保存修改后的值
        return pos

    return move


tourist = factory(0)
print(tourist(2))
print(tourist(2))
print(tourist(2))

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