JS adds getter+setter summary

This time I will bring you a summary of adding getter setters in JS. What are the precautions for adding getter setters in JS? The following is a practical case, let’s take a look.

Define getter and setter<br>

1. Specify it when creating the object through the object initializer (it can also be called declaring when creating the object through literal value)

(function () {
  var o = {
    a : 7,
    get b(){return this.a +1;},//通过 get,set的 b,c方法间接性修改 a 属性
    set c(x){this.a = x/2}
  };
  console.log(o.a);
  console.log(o.b);
  o.c = 50;
  console.log(o.a);
})();

The debugging view in chrome is as follows:

You can see that there are more get attributes and set attributes
under the object. The output result is as follows:

Of course the get statement and the set statement can be declared multiple times to correspond to multiple getters and setter<br> The advantage of using this method is that the corresponding getter and setter<br> can be declared at the same time when declaring the attribute. Here Someone asked, can the method names of the get and set methods of the o object be changed to "a", so that the method can be accessed directly through "." and operated directly

(function () {
  var o = {
    a : 7,
    get a(){return this.a +1;},//死循环
    set a(x){this.a = x/2}
  };
  console.log(o.a);
  console.log(o.b);
  o.c = 50;
  console.log(o.a);
})();

Open chrome to view the creation The view is as follows:

You can see that the get and set methods at this time are different from the above, but do they really work? The answer is no. When we What is called through o.a is the a method declared by the get statement. After entering the method, the this.a method is encountered and the method continues to be called to form an infinite loop, which eventually leads to an infinite loop reporting a memory overflow error.

New syntax (ES6): Currently only supported by firefox, other browsers will report errors

(function () {
  var b = "bb";
  var c = "cc";
  var o = {
    a : 7,
    get [b](){return this.a +1;},
    set [c](x){this.a = x/2},
  };
  console.log(o.a);
  console.log(o[b]);
  o["cc"] = 50;
  console.log(o.a);
})();

Open firefox to view debugging:

Output The result is as follows:

2. Use the Object.create method

Quote MDN:

Overview
The Object.create() method creates an object with the specified prototype and several specified properties.

Syntax
Object.create(proto, [ propertiesObject ])

We all know that when using the Object.create method to pass a parameter, you can create a prototype based on the parameter. A brief talk about the 8 modes of creating objects in JS
The second parameter is optional and is an anonymous parameter object. The parameter object is a set of attributes and values. The attribute name of the object will be the newly created object. The attribute name, the value is the attribute descriptor (including extended data descriptor or access descriptor, see the following content for specific explanation of what an attribute descriptor is).
Through the property descriptor we can add the get method and set method to the newly created object

(function () {
  var o = null;
  o = Object.create(Object.prototype,//指定原型为 Object.prototype
      {
        bar:{
          get :function(){
            return 10;
          },
          set : function (val) {
            console.log("Setting `o.bar` to ",val);
          }
        }
      }//第二个参数
    );
  console.log(o.bar);
  o.bar = 12;
})();

The debugging attempt in chrome is as follows:

You can see that newly created objects have more get and set attributes.
The output results are as follows:

The above example is not used for the get method and set method. Attribute

(function () {
  var o = null;
  o = Object.create(Object.prototype,//指定原型为 Object.prototype
      {
        bar:{
          get :function(){
            return this.a;
          },
          set : function (val) {
            console.log("Setting `o.bar` to ",val);
            this.a = val;
          },
          configurable :true
        }
      }//第二个参数
    );
  o.a = 10;
  console.log(o.bar);
  o.bar = 12;
  console.log(o.bar);
})();

or:

(function () {
  var o = {a:10};
  o = Object.create(o,//指定原型为 o 这里实际可以理解为继承
      {
        bar:{
          get :function(){
            return this.a;
          },
          set : function (val) {
            console.log("Setting `o.bar` to ",val);
            this.a = val;
          },
          configurable :true
        }
      }//第二个参数
    );
  console.log(o.bar);
  o.bar = 12;
  console.log(o.bar);
})();

The output result is as follows:

The advantage of using this method is that it is highly configurable, but Beginners can get confused easily.

3. Use the Object.defineProperty method

Quote MDN:

Summary
The Object.defineProperty() method is directly used in a Define a new property on the object, or modify an existing property, and return the object.
Syntax
Object.defineProperty(obj, prop, descriptor)
Parameters
obj
The object whose properties need to be defined.
prop
The property name that needs to be defined or modified.
descriptor
Descriptor of the attribute that needs to be defined or modified.

(function () {
  var o = { a : 1}//声明一个对象,包含一个 a 属性,值为1
  Object.defineProperty(o,"b",{
    get: function () {
      return this.a;
    },
    set : function (val) {
      this.a = val;
    },
    configurable : true
  });

  console.log(o.b);
  o.b = 2;
  console.log(o.b);
})();

The difference between this method and the previous two is: using the previous two methods, you can only specify getters and setters when declaring the definition. Using this method, you can add or modify them at any time.

If you need to add getters and setters in batches at one time, there is no problem. Use the following method:

4. Use the Object.defineProperties method

MDN:

概述
Object.defineProperties() 方法在一个对象上添加或修改一个或者多个自有属性，并返回该对象。
语法
Object.defineProperties(obj, props)
参数
obj
将要被添加属性或修改属性的对象
props
该对象的一个或多个键值对定义了将要为对象添加或修改的属性的具体配置

不难看出用法与 Object.defineProperty 方法类似

(function () {
  var obj = {a:1,b:"string"};
  Object.defineProperties(obj,{
    "A":{
      get:function(){return this.a+1;},
      set:function(val){this.a = val;}
    },
    "B":{
      get:function(){return this.b+2;},
      set:function(val){this.b = val}
    }
  });

  console.log(obj.A);
  console.log(obj.B);
  obj.A = 3;
  obj.B = "hello";
  console.log(obj.A);
  console.log(obj.B);
})();

输出结果如下：

5.使用 Object.prototype.__defineGetter__ 以及 Object.prototype.__defineSetter__ 方法

(function () {
  var o = {a:1};
  o.__defineGetter__("giveMeA", function () {
    return this.a;
  });
  o.__defineSetter__("setMeNew", function (val) {
    this.a = val;
  })
  console.log(o.giveMeA);
  o.setMeNew = 2;
  console.log(o.giveMeA);
})();

输出结果为1和2
查看 MDN 有如下说明：

什么是属性描述符

MDN：

对象里目前存在的属性描述符有两种主要形式：数据描述符和存取描述符。

1. 数据描述符是一个拥有可写或不可写值的属性。

2. 存取描述符是由一对 getter-setter 函数功能来描述的属性。

3. 描述符必须是两种形式之一；不能同时是两者。

数据描述符和存取描述符均具有以下可选键值：

configurable
当且仅当这个属性描述符值为 true 时，该属性可能会改变，也可能会被从相应的对象删除。默认为 false。
enumerable
true 当且仅当该属性出现在相应的对象枚举属性中。默认为 false。

数据描述符同时具有以下可选键值：

value
与属性相关的值。可以是任何有效的 JavaScript 值（数值，对象，函数等）。默认为 undefined。
writable
true 当且仅当可能用 赋值运算符 改变与属性相关的值。默认为 false。

存取描述符同时具有以下可选键值：

get
一个给属性提供 getter 的方法，如果没有 getter 则为 undefined。方法将返回用作属性的值。默认为 undefined。
set
一个给属性提供 setter 的方法，如果没有 setter 则为 undefined。该方法将收到作为唯一参数的新值分配给属性。默认为 undefined。

以上是摘自MDN的解释，看起来是很晦涩的，具体什么意思呢：
首先我们从以上解释知道该匿名参数对象有个很好听的名字叫属性描述符，属性描述符又分成两大块：数据描述符以及存取描述符（其实只是一个外号，给指定的属性集合起个外号）。

数据描述符包括两个属性 : value 属性以及 writable 属性，第一个属性用来声明当前欲修饰的属性的值，第二个属性用来声明当前对象是否可写即是否可以修改

存取描述符就包括 get 与 set 属性用来声明欲修饰的象属性的 getter 及 setter

属性描述符内部，数据描述符与存取描述符只能存在其中之一，但是不论使用哪个描述符都可以同时设置 configurable 属性以及enumerable 属性。
configurable属性用来声明欲修饰的属性是否能够配置，仅有当其值为 true 时，被修饰的属性才有可能能够被删除，或者重新配置。
enumerable 属性用来声明欲修饰属性是否可以被枚举。

知道了什么是属性描述符，我们就可以开始着手创建一些对象并开始配置其属性

创建属性不可配置不可枚举的对象

//使用默认值配置
(function () {
  var obj = {};//声明一个空对象
  Object.defineProperty(obj,"key",{
    value:"static"
            //没有设置 enumerable 使用默认值 false
            //没有 configurable 使用默认值 false
            //没有 writable 使用默认值 false
  });

  console.log(obj.key);      //输出 “static”
  obj.key = "new"         //尝试修改其值,修改将失败,因为 writable 为 false
  console.log(obj.key);      //输出 “static”
  obj.a = 1;//动态添加一个属性
  for(var item in obj){ //遍历所有 obj 的可枚举属性
     console.log(item);
  }//只输出一个 “a” 因为 “key”的 enumerable为 false
})();

//显示配置 等价于上面
(function () {
  var obj = {};
  Object.defineProperty(obj,"key",{
    enumerable : false,
    configurable : false,
    writable : false,
    value : "static"
  })
})();

//等价配置
(function () {
  var o = {};
  o.a = 1;
  //等价于
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{value : 1,
                writable : true,
                configurable : true,
                enumerable : true});
  
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{value :1});
  //等价于
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{value : 1,
                writable : false,
                configurable : false,
                enumerable : false});
})();

Enumerable 特性
属性特性 enumerable 决定属性是否能被 for...in 循环或 Object.keys 方法遍历得到

(function () {
  var o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{value :1,enumerable :true});
  Object.defineProperty(o,"b",{value :2,enumerable :false});
  Object.defineProperty(o,"c",{value :2});//enumerable default to false
  o.d = 4;//如果直接赋值的方式创建对象的属性,则这个属性的 enumerable 为 true

  for(var item in o){ //遍历所有可枚举属性包括继承的属性
    console.log(item);
  }

  console.log(Object.keys(o));//获取 o 对象的所有可遍历属性不包括继承的属性

  console.log(o.propertyIsEnumerable('a'));//true
  console.log(o.propertyIsEnumerable('b'));//false
  console.log(o.propertyIsEnumerable('c'));//false
})();

输出结果如下：

Configurable 特性

(function () {
  var o = {};
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{get: function () {return 1;},
                configurable : false} );
                //enumerable 默认为 false,
                //value 默认为 undefined,
                //writable 默认为 false,
                //set 默认为 undefined
                 
  //抛出异常,因为最开始定义了 configurable 为 false,故后期无法对其进行再配置
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{configurable : true} );
  //抛出异常,因为最开始定义了 configurable 为 false,故后期无法对其进行再配置,enumerable 的原值为 false
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{enumerable : true} );
  //抛出异常,因为最开始定义了 configurable 为 false,set的原值为 undefined
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{set : function(val){}} );
  //抛出异常,因为最开始定义了 configurable 为 false,故无法进行覆盖,尽管想用一样的来覆盖
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{get : function(){return 1}});
  //抛出异常，因为最开始定义了 configurable 为 false,故无法将其进行重新配置把属性描述符从存取描述符改为数据描述符
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{value : 12});

  console.log(o.a);//输出1
  delete o.a;   //想要删除属性,将失败
  console.log(o.a);//输出1
  
})();

提高及扩展
1.属性描述符中容易被误导的地方之 writable 与 configurable

(function () {
  var o = {};
  Object.defineProperties(o,{
    "a": {
      value:1,
      writable:true,//可写
      configurable:false//不可配置
      //enumerable 默认为 false 不可枚举
    },
    "b":{
      get :function(){
        return this.a;
      },
      configurable:false
    }
  });
  console.log(o.a);  //1
  o.a = 2;      //修改值成功,writable 为 true
  console.log(o.a);  //2
  Object.defineProperty(o,"a",{value:3});//同样为修改值成功
  console.log(o.a);  //3

  //将其属性 b 的属性描述符从存取描述符重新配置为数据描述符
  Object.defineProperty(o,"b",{value:3});//抛出异常,因为 configurable 为 false
})();

2.通过上面的学习，我们都知道传递属性描述符参数时，是定义一个匿名的对象，里面包含属性描述符内容，若每定义一次便要创建一个匿名对象传入，将会造成内存浪费。故优化如下：

(function () {
  var obj = {};

  //回收同一对象,即减少内存浪费
  function withValue(value){
    var d = withValue.d ||(
      withValue.d = {
        enumerable : false,
        configurable : false,
        writable : false,
        value :null
      }
      );
    d.value = value;
    return d;
  }
  Object.defineProperty(obj,"key",withValue("static"))
})();

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